Fighting to the End The Pakistan Army’s Way of War PDF
Preview Fighting to the End The Pakistan Army’s Way of War
Fighting to the End Fighting to the End The Pakistan Army’s Way of War C. CHRISTINE FAIR Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fair, C. Christine, author. Fighting to the end : the Pakistan Army’s way of war / C. Christine Fair. pages; cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978–0–19–989270–9 (hardback : alkaline paper) 1. Pakistan. Army 2. Pakistan—Military policy. 3. National security—Pakistan. 4. Pakistan—Foreign relations. 5. Islam and state—Pakistan. I. Title. UA853.P18F35 2014 355’.03355491—dc23 2013036644 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Jeff CONTENTS Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1. Introduction to the Pakistan Army’s Way of War THE ARGUMENT: EXPLAINING PAKISTAN’S PERSISTENT REVISIONISM IN THE FACE OF REPEATED DEFEATS ORGANIZATION OF THIS VOLUME CHAPTER 2. Can Strategic Culture Explain the Pakistan Army’s Persistent Revisionism? PAKISTAN’S ENDURING AND EXPANDING REVISIONISM EXPLAINING PERSISTENT REVISIONISM STRATEGIC CULTURE WARS PAKISTAN: AN ARMY WITH A COUNTRY REPRODUCING CULTURE: RECRUITMENT IN THE PAKISTAN ARMY METHODS AND SOURCES OF THIS STUDY CHAPTER 3. Born an Insecure State CRACKING THE RAJ IMAGINING PAKISTAN THE PROBLEM OF THE PRINCELY STATES UNTANGLING THE PUNJAB BREAKING UP THE INDIAN ARMY HISTORICAL LEGACIES: A PUNJABI ARMY BUILDING A MODERN ARMY IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PAKISTAN ARMY’S STRATEGIC CULTURE CHAPTER 4. The Army’s Defense of Pakistan’s “Ideological Frontiers” THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN THE ARMY’S EMBRACE OF THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN THE ARMY’S METHODS OF ISLAMIZATION THE ARMY’S INSTRUMENTALIZATION OF ISLAM Unifying a Diverse Country across Ethnicity and Creed Readying the People for Army Dominance and War Motivating the Army for War IMPLICATIONS CHAPTER 5. Pakistan’s Quest for Strategic Depth BRITISH MANAGEMENT OF THE FRONTIER: THE GREAT GAME PAKISTAN’S ARMY SEEKS STRATEGIC DEPTH: MANAGING PAKISTAN’S FRONTIER AND BEYOND THE ARMY MANAGES THE AFGHAN THREAT The Rise and Fall of the Taliban THE ARMY’S AND THE INTERNAL THREAT ON THE “FRONTIER” IMPLICATIONS: IS THE PAST PROLOGUE FOR AFGHANISTAN AND THE FRONTIER? CHAPTER 6. India under the Pakistan Army’s Gaze MULTIPLE CRISES AND FOUR WARS The 1947–1948 Indo-Pakistan War Over Kashmir The 1965 Indo-Pakistan War Over Kashmir The 1971 Indo-Pakistan War and the Emergence of Bangladesh from East Pakistan The 1999 Kargil War INDIA: THROUGH THE EYES OF THE PAKISTAN ARMY India as a Hegemon that Pakistan’s Army must Resist The Perfidious Indian India: A Paper Tiger India: The External and Internal Threats Converge CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CHAPTER 7. Seeking Security through Alliances PURSUING THE AMERICANS: AN ALLIANCE FOR SURVIVAL The Pakistan Tilt CHASING CHINA: THE ALL-WEATHER FRIEND THE STRAINS OF WAR PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA THROUGH THE EYES OF THE ARMY Narrating American Duplicity Making Excuses for China CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CHAPTER 8. Seeking Security under a Nuclear Umbrella ORIGINS OF PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAM PROLIFERATION UNDER THE EYE OF THE STATE NUCLEAR DOCTRINE AND USE RISK-TAKING UNDER AN EXPANDING NUCLEAR UMBRELLA AS BAD AS IT GETS? CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CHAPTER 9. Jihad under the Nuclear Umbrella ORIGINS OF PAKISTAN’S USE OF NONSTATE ACTORS FROM PEOPLE’S WAR TO LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT UNDER A NUCLEAR UMBRELLA PAKISTAN’S MILITANT ASSETS PAKISTANI SUPPORT FOR THE MILITANTS? THE INTERNAL JIHAD: A CASE STUDY OF LASHKAR-E-TAIBA CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CHAPTER 10. Is the Past Prologue? ENDOGENOUS GAME CHANGERS Democratic Transition? Civil and Uncivil Society: Impetus for Change? Economic Shocks: For Better and for Worse Change from Within the Army? Exogenous Sources of Change? CONCLUSIONS: PROSPECTS FOR CHANGE FROM WITHIN AND WITHOUT? CHAPTER 11. The Army’s Strategic Culture and Implications for International Security LIVING WITH PAKISTAN’S PERSISTENT REVISIONISM? Appendix Notes References Index LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Corps and Locations 8.1 Cross-Tabulations of Conflict Months by Nuclear Status 8.2 Conflict Rate by Nuclear Period 10.1Survey Items Analyzed 10.2Punjabis in the Punjab versus Elsewhere 10.3Punjabis versus Non-Punjabis in Punjab 10.4Punjabis versus Sindhis in Sindh 10.5Punjabis versus Baloch in Balochistan
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