Field observations of the behaviour of free-ranging eastern barred bandicoots, Perameles gunni, at Hamilton, Victoria

6 Pages·1994·1.7 MB·English

by  A C Dufty

Research Reports
Field Observations ofthe Behaviour ofFree-ranging Eastern
Barred Bandicoots, Perameles gunnii, at Hamilton, Victoria.
Anthony C. Dufty*
Abstract that the recording ofunique behavioural
A total of 23 individual and 10 social acts often increase considerably with in-
behavioural acts were observed in afree- creased time devoted to observation of
ranging population of Eastern Barred behaviour. Thus, less frequently-ex-
Bandicoots at Hamilton. Individual be- hibited behaviours may not be observed
haviour involved acts relating to body withoutconsiderableeffort,anditislikely
posture duringfeeding,groomingand in- that the complete behavioural repertoire
vestigation. Mating behaviour was of P. gunnii is yet to be revealed. Hein-
promiscuous. Copulations between in- sohn (1966) in Tasmania, and Brown
diintveirdmuiatltsentlwyerfoerupratpoid45 mainndutesr.epIenattreod- c(1o9m8m9e)natneddDufbtryie(fl1y991oan)inoVbiscetrovreiadhaivne-
missions occurred when the female dividual and social behaviours of P.
carried advanced pouch young. Many gunnii but the only systematic research
males gathered and mated with females so farreported is that ofMoloney (1982)
odlufraicntgiotnheiirnrtehceepltoicvaetipoenrioadn.dMpaulressuiutseodf 6a5ndhColuurnsieof(1o9b8s7e)rvwahtoiounndreerstpeocotkiv1e6l5yaonnd
receptive females. Mutual avoidance be- captive bandicoots in Tasmania.
haviour was often maintained between This paperreports on fieldobservations
bandicoots although several antagonistic atHamiltonandassistsinthecompilation
interactions were observed. These inter- ofa behavioural reportoire for free-rang-
actionsusuallyresultedintheflightofthe ing Eastern Barred Bandicoots, Pera-
subordinate after strike, chase and/or meles gunnii. Also, the paper discussed
threat vocalisation occurred. the implicationsofP. gunniibehaviourto
Introduction the management ofboth the free-ranging
Although relatively widespread in Tas- andcaptive populations in Victoria.
mania, Eastern Barred Bandicoots Methods
hcuaravrd(1PainegnoeS9aeLvoailidSei8mnrniinctle4ngaontatsbp;sSeaumlsnreoeoerrnttiorccnBaeftcsfdikiledriaue,nxpslcoffs(ftlterew1ioasdbsetn9Sirnteeacn9ogmaut-thts0aunlSdori1aHt)ni(oa9va1inesnnS^8im9oise,ger9o9inivieme)0uletnbavrh;rrthgiee3aiaioaenDlcgSennrnomaukefw,sldalrfbpeaTiodV1ettednaacnii9hcceysdsaclne9rinttmgiase0a1itoeas)ns9oPirivpndsnc9oineheAiasa1alrdcaulafpaaiiilss(oeo)lvysetgnMpishrbuudoaaeTebaultlenoodheerahaind,n-nnlede-a- dgHhadbsCmb1iaroianpioe4cOtcoumodthn2ottboryiuatoelo3ssln0vtrihte0td2ygiolrwnoh'ofbySvweatneueatsashErshtpHptMs.apaiiaotuvotlnomewnuitAogniwmioeslgslouiecebargtvgrdiren1eeoeho.perd0ddntfraa0ti,Alfl1bbnioon9WgyenorituT9Vatdokga0nisiaittwhge.depcavtteidsetli1Anesorwd2tgoqinrtuaoooiufraaVshpnaoaal5kao4tsbirebul2isstJina(tswemzetu3neidsa-ral7gtddplthvye°aohaedl4rtitaslu5elton1bobotri*a9catayggiiti8nhonnpehnSha-e9-tfe-ngel
uFVr.agcgetenontnaannadeneGddolcodfnomrcalnud(ed1tea9di7lt7ehda)tdtienhmfeororenwTSaatrsodann distouiccaittaeeldboiebmhsmaeveridvoiarat.itoeOnlbsysearofvftaertiidnoudnissvkiwdaeunradlewceaornne-d
3SST2 Lrment ?* De<~ * couotnfoifnesdigthoto(nuseuailnldyivbiedutawleeunnti2l-3ithmoourvse)d,
bandicootsappearedtobeunperturbedby
thespotlightandtheobservers' presence
54
TheVictorian Naturalist
Research Reports
That is, no escape behaviour that could Table1.Individual behaviouralactsobservedin
have been attributed to the observers' free-ranging Eastern Barred Bandicoots at
presence and no erratic or unusual be- Hamilton.
haviour (excessive grooming or sniffing Act Description
ofthe air) was observed. Information on Quadrupedal Manusandpesbothrestingonsubsiraie.body
behavioural acts observed and general rbaoidsye.dandheadslightlylowerthanparallelto
notes on the frequency ofthese acts was Tripedal Asabove,hutonetorepawretractedtobody
Crouch Completemanusandpesrestingonsubstrate,
recorded. Other information recorded (if backarched,headraisedandforequarters
possible) during encounters included: in- lowered.
Asforcrouch,buthindquartersrelaxedand
dividual identification, sex, ageclass and headloweredtosubstrateandmanus
reproductive state (presence/absence of sometimestilledtooneside.
Rear Hindlimbsincontactwithsubstrate,head
pouch youngoryoung at foot). verticallyextended.
Sit Asforrearbutheadnotextended
Walk Slowquadrupedallocomotion,cursorial
Results motionofpectoralgirdlewhilesaltatorial
Individualbehaviour motionofpelvicgirdle,
Run Fasterquadrupedallocomotion
A total of 23 distinct individual be- Gallop Rapidlocomotion,whereinforelegsare
havioural acts was observed. They are rpeotwrearcftuedltsoimbuoldtyanwehoiulsethhirnudstlse.gsexhibit
listed in Table 1, and described using the Leap Verticalspring(upto1m),usingsudden
terminology of Moloney (1982) and Hook eLxotuednsgirounnto,frheipnedalteegds,upto5times.
Clunie (1987) as reviewed by Coulson Nose Lateralmovementofsnoutacrossthe
(1990). Three behaviours ('bipedal sta- Dig Ksuxbesatvraatteinwgitshubasutdriabtleewisntihfff.orelimbsand
nce', 'prancing' and 'climbing') which insertingsnoutinhole.
were recorded by Moloney (1982) and Peed hIenlgedsotninsgubfsotorda;telawrhgielietesmmsal(lee.rg.inteecmtsa.rines)
Clunie (1987) were not observed during (e.g.insects)aremanipulatedwhilesilting
Manipulate Claspingandrotatingitems(generally
this study. food)withforepaws.
Foraging areas at the Hamilton Push Hindlegsandtailincontactwithsubstrate.
forelimpsbroughtdownandawayfrom
Municipal Tip were associated with hard bodyduringextension.
shelter and located in a patch arrange- Scrape Pullingnestingmaterialsbackwardswith
ment. Travelling within open areas Scratch fRoarkeipnagwsm.ovementsofhindfeettogroomfur
between foragingpatchesoccurredrapid- (especiallyheadandneck).
ly, and foraging was observed only when LWiicpke RLiucbkbiinnggatnhdecshnoeuwtinwgitfhurliocnkebdofdoyre(peaxcwesp.t
individuals were within 30m of shelter. headandneck).
Shake Vigorousshakingofbody,sometimeswhile
Foraging ('dig', 'feed') was maintained inmotion.
forbetween 5 and 25 minutes in a single Streich Forepawsextendedunderhead,body
elongated,accompaniedbyyawning.
foraging patch before the bandicoot's Rest Lyingonsideinloosecoil.
*run' to the next patch. Bandicoots ap-
peared to search for food in a random
movement, although two individuals underthebodyduringdigging.The snout
wereobservedfollowingfencelinesfor25 probedtheholeperiodicallyandasniffing
and 17 minutes respectively. Nosing the orsnuffling noise was audible. When the
ground with a lateral movement of the food item wassecured, the individual fed
snoutandloudsnufflingnoisespreceeded immediately, while adopting a quad-
allobserved 'dig'behaviour.Diggingwas rupedalorsitting stance. Ahigh foraging
similar between all individuals and in- success was observed and often ban-
volvedthrustingtheforeclawsintoavery dicoots would probe and sniff foraging
localised area ofthe ground quickly and holes that had been dug on other nights,
alternately and withdrawing them up- sometimes enlarging these excavations.
wards and backwards. During digging, The excavations made during bandicmoomt
the hindquarters were raised, the backar- foraging are conical pits, up to 80
ched and the snout pointed downwards deep. It is possible that they trap small
towards the excavation. No attempt was invertebrates as Mr N. Gunn (pers,
made to remove soil which collected comm., 1989) has observed bandicoots
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Vol. Ill (2) 1994
Research Reports
searching and removing invertebrates Aggression ('chasing' and 'striking')
from foraging holesdugpreviously. was observed on three occasions. During
Occasionally during foraging a ban- one interaction, the pair of bandicoots
dicootwasobservedto 'rear' inanupright faced each other in the 'arched' stance
stance while smelling the air. When un- with their mouths agape revealing their
usual stimuli were encountered, a incisor, canine and premolar teeth. Eye
'bipedal' or 'crouch' stance wasadopted, contact was maintained between ban-
often followed by a rapid 'gallop' or dicootsandafterabouttwominutesinthis
'sprint', On three occasions after these posture. The subordinate then slowly
responses,thebandicootwas observed to turned to move away and the aggressor
'leap1 upto 1 mintotheairandthen 'run' was observed 'striking' the subordinate
away in the direction it faced upon land- on its hindquarters. The subordinate fled
ing. Thedirection appeared tobe random 'honking' with the aggressor in 'chase'.
asallthreebandicootsturnedinawidearc Onanotheroccasiona 'chase' hadentered
of up to 180 degrees, passed cover and the area where a third bandicoot (male)
returned to shelter, close to where they was being observed. The 'chase' passed
were originally. the third bandicoot within 4 m and he
Drinking was observed only once. The responded by pursuing the pair for a dis-
bandicoot spent four minutes lapping tance of about 20 m. The male then
waterthat had collected in a foldofplas- returned and continued foraging. The
tic, with a forward and upward motion of third occasion where aggression was ob-
thetongue. served occurred when an aggressor
Nest construction behaviour was ob- entered a foraging patch occupied by a
served once. Dead grass within 1.5 m of subordinate.Theaggressorforaged about
thenest sitewasscraped from theground 15 mawayfromthesubordinateforabout
aroundperennial tussocksanddraggedor 30 minutes, apparently unaware of the
pulled backwards into an upturned gal- subordinate's presence. However, on
vanised iron roof gutter by the forelegs movingdownwindofthesubordinateand
(for descriptions of nests see Duftv sensingitspresence(indicatedbysniffing
1991a), the air in a reared stance), the aggressor
Fourbandicoots were observed emerg- 'chased' thesubordinate,causingthesub-
ing fromdiurnal nests. Movement within ordinate to 'spit' and run for shelter. The
the nest increased during the 15 minutes aggressor stopped the 'chase' in the area
prior to emergence. Immediately after where the subordinate was foraging and
emergence, bandicoots were observed to continued to forage in that area.
'shake' beforetheyranorwalkedtonear-
by foraging areas. Grooming ('scratch',
okwbiseprev\ed(Hcafkt'e)rbneehstaveimoeurrgweanscemowshtenofttehne Tfraebei-cra2n.giSnogciaElasbteehranvioBuarrarledacBtsanodbisceorovtesd aitn
individual wasaway fromthenest within Hamilton.
a foraging area. Upon retiring to the nest (observedby MrK. DrinkellorMrN.Gunn).
alternocturnal foraging,bandicoots were
aobnsdesrmvaeldltsolicmkos)veacrnoesssttmhaetenresitalesnt(rgarnacses A•*FiPeolrlilnoewal PNDeoersssciirnsitgepntpteirofinonlelaolwairnegaoofffceomnaslpeecbifyimc.ale.
with theirsnouts. *Mourn Malerearsonhindlimbsandinclinesbody
forwardoverfemale.
•Thrust Pelvicthrustingduring;mourning.
Socialbehaviour *Biie Malebilesfemale.
Mutual avoidance behaviour predo- Arched aAnsdfboracqkuaadrrcuhpeedd.albutheadslightlylowered
minated throughout the observation Sirikmg Sftorriekpianwgs.conspecificonthehackwith
apeeroiondsswbeurteonofbosuerrvoecdc.asSioocnisalsobceiahlavinitoeurr CHohnakw CHhoanskiinnggrveotcraelaitsiangtisounbogridviennatbey.the
actsare summarised inTable2. Spit rSeptirtetaitnignvgoscuabloirsdaitniaotneg.ivenhytheretreating
subordinate,
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The Victorian Naturalist
Research Reports
Notall interactionswere aggressive: on exactly and males were observed bump-
one occasion three bandicoots were ob- ing intoobjectsplaced by MrDrinkellon
servedforagingwithinabout 10mofeach the female scent path. Up to ten males
other for about 20 minutes. During this wereobservedtocopulate with a female,
observationforagingwastheprincipalac- threeorfourtimeseach.Copulationlasted
tivity and no overt social interaction about 20-30 seconds and was repealed
(mating, vocalisation, or chase) was ob- every few minutes formorethananhour.
servedeven when twobandicoots moved During one period, R41 was observed
to within 2 m ofeachother. Unfortunate- mating with male L8 R53 fourtimesand
ly, the sex ofonly one ofthe bandicoots male L61 R8 six times as well as with
(a female with advanced pouch young) othermaleswhoseidentitywasunknown.
was determined and the group gradually After mating with one male, the female
dispersed indifferent directions. was observed to move away while the
Two local residents at Hamilton (Mr male was foraging and sometimes mated
Ken Drinkell and Mr Noel Gunn) have shortly afterwards with anothermale.
recordedmatingbehaviouronseveraloc- Mr Gunn has maintained a captive
casions. Their descriptions are reported breedingpairofbandicootsonhisproper-
below. ty outside Hamilton since 1984. The
Mr Drinkell has lived adjacent to the bandicoots are maintained within 20 m"
Hamilton Municipal Tip for many years enclosuresandgivensupplementaryfood
andhasrecordedinformationonbreeding every second night. This has provided
activity since 1988. Two individual MrGunn with the opportunity forcasual
females were resident on his property observations of captive bandicoot be-
during the study, individuals numbered haviour. During orbefore supplementary
R41 and L8 R7. Female R41 was first feeding, MrGunn has recordedP. gunnii
marked on 7 May 1988, south of the mating activity on fouroccasions (9 July
Hamilton Municipal Tip when she was 1988 for 15 minutes, 4 October 1989 for
about four months old, while L8 R7 was 45 minutes, 29July 1990 for 17 minutes,
first marked on 6 February 1990 on Mr 25 September 1990for20minutes).
DrinkelKs property when she was also All observations of mating were made
fMoruDrrimnoknetlhls'solpdr.oRpe4rt1yw(aasbofiurtst4t0r0apmpefdroomn ediutrhienrgdluartiengafoterranfotoenr,lbieghftorreains.unCsoeptualnad-
where she was first marked) on 13 Sep- tionwasinitiatedbythemalecheckingthe
tember 1988 and was regularly observed femaleby a 'bite' tothe looseskinonher
there subsequently. R 41 was observed hindquarters. As the male 'mounted', the
mating with males about every 9 weeks female lowered her forequarters and
and was the only breeding female to be raised her hindquarters. On three of the
observed on his property until March mating occasions, the female was carry-
1990, when female L8 R7 was observed ingadvancedpouchyoungandduringthe
mating. fourth the dependent juveniles jumped
Although many males gathered during around the copulating pair. Copulation
the female's receptive period, little ag- involved rapid 'thrusts' and lasted be-
gression appearedtooccurbetweenthem tween 5 and 30 seconds. As copulation
andavoidancebehaviourwasmaintained. progressed, the mail curled his tail under
No spatial organisation (e.g. lek) or ob- his body from an initial lateral position.
viousdominancehierarchy wasapparent. Betweencopulationevents, the malewas
Males spent muchoftheirtime searching observed to 'follow' the female's scent
fmoernttsh.eTfheemsaelemsalienmroavpiedm,enertrsatiicncmreoavsee-d cilnogsewliythainnd1hemwaosfohfetren(tohbesepraviredusfuoarlalgy-
when more males were present. When a avoided each other during non-mating
male picked up the scent ofafemale, the periods).The male wasoftenobserved to
movementsofthefemale were replicated smell the perineal region of the female
57
Vol. Ill (2) 1994
Research Reports
prior to copulation. Intermissions be- 1980) and it is likely that this odour is
tweencopulationsusually lastedbetween central to social interactions. Stoddart
5 and 40 seconds and on 29 July 1990. (1980) speculated that the odour has a
copulation wasobservedto take place 17 calming effect which facilitates mating,
timesin 17 minutes. while it may also be integral to the main-
tenance ofdominance hierarchy.
Discussion Mating acts in Victoria described here
During thisstudy and others (Heinsohn byMrDrinkellandMrGunnweresimilar
1966; Duffy 1991a) bandicoots spent tothose described by Heinsohn (1966) in
much oftheirtime foraging and feeding, Tasmania, Heinsohn (1966) observed
suggesting that dietary items sought are mating behaviour once in captivity and
either low in energy or are hard to find. twice between free-ranging individuals.
Thehighsuccessatsecuringsubterranean Onestrikingdifferencewasthehighcom-
morsels observed during this study and petition for receptive females at
thedepthofforagingholes(upto80mm), Hamilton.Drinkellreportedthatsmallag-
suggest that bandicoots possess well gregations ofbandicoots occurred during
developed olfaction. The dependence on the female's receptive period and that
olfactiontodetectfoodresourceshaspre- several males mated with the female.
viously been reported by Heinsohn Principally, the conservation of Pera-
(1966),Moloney(1982)andQuin (1985) melesgunnii in Victoria has involved the
in Tasmania, and Dufty (1991a) in Vic- establishmentofthree reintroduction and
toria. The observation that bandicoots two captive breeding colonies (Seebeck
utilisefencelinesduringforagingmaybe 1990; Dufty 1991b). The artificial nature
duetothelackofstructuralcomplexityat of captive breeding may alter the in-
Hamilton, although the higher floristic dividual and social behaviours observed
diversity and lower compaction ofthese in free-ranging population and com-
areas may also be important. The lackof promise the long-term viability of P.
extensive fat deposits (Lenghaus et ai gunnii.Toavoidthis,threestrategieswere
1990), aggressive defence of foraging integral to the P, gunnii captive breeding
patches and rare aggregations of ban- programme: avoid domestication (either
dicoots suggest that food resources at through human association or selective
HaAmgiglrteosnsiavreedleifmietnecde.offoraging resour- bmraeneadgieng fionr icnadpitviivdituya)l;s thmaitniarmeizeeasyant-o
ces appeared to be the most common tagonistic interactions between colony
cSd(sdfsssHtstumotoeeo9erercuarrmiim8aidilacvpnir4atynlgeosln.)egidrwoaernahhangblaDdtbacnvcselhoathboheyepnmaisaaydmsihodtvsi(ieilncoaitSc1inechacnotuto9grehnccd^auo6asryaeutrt6r.ry,spns)c.uytiheiAbwbibysxAnoteaenhdlm(wsrnrhgiitd1uadebavmhi9gisiivon7ogccftdisa7peuhoeuoottr)sgaodarueetshtlarsseasesogdedntdiiunthdfnwetrafegrxweinrraRhotnradonuhimgesaatmdsbrtisietkaetmntoaahheleonerbsailtysedd.-ats bfrmseeptpmefeearhenoeDfieeettplvmenoddeuwidcstbmalsertopretewaseeoomosrticdnnworittshiumifsoihea,ctencdoscntohnsa'ouiadro'tapmotltuatnneaeimbt(i,tsddosieatvt,nlu.retiiigwpaemic.tomcepnyiantpfclrcftmgooteePomoisilom.arsouiocettanstragnrneg,uialuyasteortgtnli)anvheenno.f.tiregddiowvieyTiireeos.tAvfodionfminridofdneatelouoateneayadaron-tsg,lardssnrsogaeasaenenentwamvdgilufaeouaetirtsnricchaenymdetdeerlg
(S19U85K) Jardg0uemd!natthnactebuahino^dpaiercrcoatohetys,otloRfuamscastieinlol-n aclnaotuwasegeronirinesjpturrioicedsui,cnttieinrvcaercetoaiusotnepsu,stt.orenTslsoylomevnieenlismmaailnsede
resided in each breeding pen, low den-
wmch exudes apungent odour(Stoddan jsuitvieensiloefs wienrdievirdeumaolsvedwearsesomaoinntaasintehde,y
58
TheVictorian Naturalist
.
Research Reports
became independent, food was supple- management of Eastern Barred Bandicoot,
mented when needed, and shelter was Peramelesgunnii,inVictoria.Unpubl.M.Sc.Thesis.
provided for fleeing subordinates. UniversityofMelbourne,Melbourne.
Despite a promiscuous mating system Fagen, R.M. and Goldman, R.N, (1977). Behavioural
catalogue analysis methods.AnimalBehaviour25:
prevailing in thefree-ranging population, 261-274.
P. gunnii were initially bred in pairs to Heinsohn,G.E.(1966).Ecologyandreproductionofthe
maximise outbreeding and conserve low Tasmanian bandicoots (Perameles gunnii and
density alleles. However, individuals Isoodon obesulus). University of California.
were promiscuous in the reintroducled PublicationsinZoology80: 1-96.
populations that were large, less in- Lenghaus,C,Obendorf,D.L.andWright,EH.(1990).
VeterinaryaspectsofPeramelesgunniibiologywith
fluenced by genetic stoichasticity, and special reference to species conservation. In
regulated by naturally selection. 'Management and Conservation of Small
The successful management of Pera- Populations'. Eds. T.W, Clark and J.H. Seebeck.
meles gunnii captive breeding and (ChicagoZoologicalSociety:BrookfieldIllinois.)
reintroductioninVictoriahasbeendue,in Moloney,D.J.(1982).Acomparisonof"thebehaviourand
part, to the resolution ofmany problems ecology of the Tasmanian bandicoots, Perameles
thatwereassociatedwithcaptivityandthe gNuontntieir(G1r7a9y7)!.838U)napnudblI.sooBd.oSnc.obes(uHloenss)(ShTahwesainsd.
species' individual and social behaviour. UniversityofTasmania,Hobart.
The application of behavioural informa- Moon, B.R. (1984). Currentdistributionof(heEastern
tion hasaidedtheconservationofEastern Barred Bandicoot, Perameles gunnii, in Victoria.
BarredBandicootsin Victoriaandshould National Parks and Wildlife Division, Victoria.
be seen as an important component ofall ATretchhnuircaRlylaRhepIonrsttitSuetreiefso.rENnov.ir5o:nm(eDnetpaalrtRmeesnetarcohf
wildlife management programmes. Conservation.ForestsandLands:Melbourne.)
Acknowledgements Quilt, D.G. (1985). Aspects offeeding ecology ofthe
bandicoots, Perameles gunnii (Grey 1838) and
I wish to thank Mr Noel Gunn and Mr Isoodon obesulus (Shaw and Nodder 1797)
Ken Drinkell for their many informative (Marsupialia: Peramelidae) in southern Tasmania.
discussionsregardingbandicootbreeding Unpubl. B.Sc. (Hons) Thesis, University of
behaviour and allowing me to use their Tasmania,Hobart.
data in the manuscript. The manuscript Russell, E.M. (1984). Social behaviour and social
wascriticallyreviewdbyMrJ.H.Seebeck organisation ofmarsupials. MammaliaReview 14:
101-154.
and MrG. Coulson. Russell, E.M. (1985). The metatherians: order
Marsupialia.InSocialOdoursinMammals.Eds.D.
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