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Joint Transportation Research I Program JTRP FHWA/IN/JTRP-99/13 Final Report Field Implementation ofBioremediation at Indiana Department ofTransportation Facilities Loring Nies August 2000 Indiana Department of Transportation PuLrdue University Final Report FHWA/IN/JTRP-99/13 Field Implementation ofBioremediation at Indiana Department ofTransportation Facilities By Loring Nies Assistant Professor Brett Baldwin Graduate Research Assistant Matthew Mesarch Graduate Research Assistant School ofCivil Engineering Purdue University Joint Transportation Research Program Project No: C-36-68D File No: 4-7-4 In Cooperation with the Indiana Department ofTransportation and the U.S. Department ofTransportation Federal Highway Administration The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data represented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the Federal Highway Administration and the Indiana Department of Transportation. The report does not constimte a standard, specification or regulation. Purdue University West Lafayette. Indiana 47907 August 2000 TFXHMCJALREPORTSTANDARDTITLtPAGt 1. ReportNo. 2. GovernmentAccession.No. 3.Recipient'%Catalog.No. FHWA/IN/JTRP-99/13 4.TitleandSubtitle 5. ReportDau August 2000 FieldImplementationofBioremediationatIndianaDepartmentofTransportation Facilities 6. PerformingOrganizationCode 7.Author(s) 8. PerformingOrganization Rtp'jrlNo. LoringNies FHWA/IN/JTRP-99/13 9. PerformingOrganizationNameandAddress 10.WorkUnitNo. JointTransportationResearch Program 1284Civil EngineeringBuilding PurdueUniversity WestLafayette,Indiana 47907-1284 11. CoDlractorGrantNo. SPR-2135 12. SponsoringAgencyNameandAddress 13. TypeofReportandPeriodCohered IndianaDepartmentofTransportation StateOfficeBuilding FinalRepon 100NorthSenateAvenue Indianapolis, IN46204 14. SponsoringAgencj Code 15. Supplementar}'Notes Preparedincooperation withtheIndianaDepartmentofTransportationandFederal Highway Administration. 16. Abstract Bioremediation is often the mostcost-effectiveandsuccessful techniqueavailablefortheremediation ofsoils and groundwatercontaminatedwith organic pollutants (e.g. petroleum). The goal ofbioremediationis tostimulate naturallv occurring microorganismstobiodegrade the contaminants to harmless products. Tobe in compliance with EP.^ regulations all undergroundfuel storage tanks musthavespill, leakandcorrosion protection. Many olderobsolete tanks had deterioratedtothe extentthatpetroleumproducts hadleakedintothe environment. In the past, petroleumcontaminated soils were typicallyexcavated,followedby landfilling ofdie contaminated material. The continueduse oflandfills fordisposal of petroleumcontaminated soils is notdesirable. An alternativetechnology is bioremediation. The objectives ofthis smdy were toincrease utilizationofbioremediation by INDOTandotheragencies forthe remediation ofpetroleumcontaminated sites,reduceuncertainty associatedwith the design andimplementation ofbioremediation systems, reduce reliance on landfills fordisposal ofcontaminated soils, reduce long-termliability associated witii hazardous v,aste. and toimprove the quality ofengineering science utilizedforthe design ofbioremediation systems. In addition, a guidance manual for remediationdecision makers was developed. The benefits ofachieving these objectives will be to decrease costs associated with LeakingUnderground Storage Tank (LUST) remediation, improve environmental qualit>-, and to improve pubhc and environmental health. Toachieve theobjectives outiined above several bioremediation field demonstrations were successfully developed. A bioremediationfielddemonstration using Monitored Natural .•\ttenuation was implementedandis an ongoing projectatLinton, Indiana. A land farmingfield demonstration using excavated low hydraulic conducti%-ity soils has been completedatChrisney, Indiana. An engineeredbioremediation field demonstration at a site with contaminated groundwaterusingacombinedAirSparging-Soil VaporExtraction systemis underway at Shoals, Indiana. 17. Keywords IS. DistributionSutement Bioremediation,Petroleum,Fuel,BTEX,UST,LUST, Norestrictions. Thisdocumentis availabletothepublicthroughthe Contamination NationalTechnical Information Service. Springfield.VA22161 19. SecurityClassif.(ofthisreport) 20. SecurityClassif.(ofthispage) 21.Naof Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 108 FormDOTF1700.7(8-69) TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF HGURES LIST OF TABLES 111 CHAPTER IMPLEMENTATION REPORT 1 1 CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF BIOREMEDL\TION 6 CHAPTER 4 PROBLEM STATEMENT 36 CHAPTER WORK PLAN 5 38 CHAPTER 6 IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOREMEDIATION - A GUIDANCE DOCUMENT 40 CHAPTER 7 IMPLEMENTATION OF A LAND FARMING FIELD DEMONSTRATION AT CHRISNEY, INDL\NA 41 CHAPTER 8 IMPLEMENTATION OF A MONITORED NATURAL ATTENUATION FIELD DEMONSTRATION AT LINTON, INDIANA 48 CHAPTER 9 IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ENGINEERED BIOREMEDIATION FIELD DEMONSTRATION AT SHOALS, INDIANA CHAPTER RECOMMENDATIONS 10 67 LIST OF REFERENCES 78 APPENDIX A GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR MANAGING IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOREMEDUTION AT PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED SITES 74 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Respiration Model 10 1 Figure 2 Fermentation Model 11 Figure 3 Model ofOverall Catabolism 13 Figure 4 Sequence ofOxidation - Reduction Reactions 15 Figure 5 Conceptual Description ofCometabolism 22 Figure 6 Layout of the Chrsney Landfarm 43 Figure 7 Construction Design ofthe Chrisney Landfarm 44 Figure 8 Linton Potentiometric Groundwater Surface 7-8-99 50 Figure 9 Linton Potentiometric Groundwater Surface 11-16-99 51 Figure 10 Benzene Groundwater Concentrations in Monitoring Wells #2 and #3 at Linton 53 Figure 11 Shoals Potentiometric Groundwater Surface 9-25-96 57 Figure 12 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contours at Shoals 58 Figure 13 Benzene Groundwater Concentration Contours at Shoals 59 Figure 14 BTEX Groundwater Concentration at Shoals 60 Figure 15 Layout of Sparging Wells and Soil Vapor Extraction Wells at Shoals 65 Figure 16 Layout ofSubsurface Piping to Sparging and Soil Vapor Extraction Wells at Shoals 66 u Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation; Indiana Department of Transportation http://www.archive.org/details/fieldimplementatOOnies