Field guide to lens design PDF
Preview Field guide to lens design
Field Guide to Lens Design Julie Bentley Craig Olson SPIE Field Guides Volume FG27 John E. Greivenkamp, Series Editor Bellingham, Washington USA FFGG2277 ccoovveerrss aanndd ttiittllee..iinndddd 33 22//2244//1122 88::1188 AAMM Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/17/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Bentley,Julie(JulieL.) Fieldguidetolensdesign/JulieBentley,CraigOlson. pagescm.–(Thefieldguideseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-8194-9164-0 1. Lenses–Design and construction. I. Olson, Craig 1971- II.Title. QC385.B432012 681.423–dc23 0 2012035700 Publishedby SPIE P.O.Box10 Bellingham,Washington98227-0010USA Phone:+1.360.676.3290 Fax:+1.360.647.1445 Email:[email protected] Web:http://spie.org © 2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engi- neers(SPIE) Allrights reserved.Nopart ofthispublicationmay bere- producedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeanswith- outwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. The content of this book reflects the work and thought of theauthor.Everyefforthasbeenmadetopublishreliable and accurate information herein, but the publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. For the latest updatesaboutthistitle,pleasevisitthebook’spageonour website. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. Firstprinting Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/17/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms IntroductiontotheSeries Welcome to the SPIE Field Guides—a series of publica- tions written directly for the practicing engineer or sci- entist. Many textbooks and professional reference books cover optical principles and techniques in depth. The aim of the SPIE Field Guides is to distill this information, providing readers with a handy desk or briefcase refer- ence that provides basic, essential information about op- tical principles, techniques, or phenomena, including def- initions and descriptions, key equations, illustrations, ap- plication examples, design considerations, and additional resources. A significant effort will be made to provide a consistent notation and style between volumes in the se- ries. Each SPIE Field Guide addresses a major field of optical science and technology. The concept of these Field Guides is a format-intensive presentation based on figures and equations supplemented by concise explanations. In most cases, this modular approach places a single topic on a page,andprovidesfullcoverageofthattopiconthatpage. Highlights, insights, and rules of thumb are displayed in sidebars to the main text. The appendices at the end of each Field Guide provide additional information such as related material outside the main scope of the volume, keymathematicalrelationships,andalternativemethods. Whilecompleteintheircoverage,theconcisepresentation maynotbeappropriateforthosenewtothefield. The SPIE Field Guides are intended to be living documents. The modular page-based presentation format allows them to be easily updated and expanded. We are interested in your suggestions for new Field Guide topics aswellaswhatmaterialshouldbeaddedtoanindividual volume to make these Field Guides more useful to you. Pleasecontactusatfi[email protected]. JohnE.Greivenkamp,SeriesEditor OpticalSciencesCenter TheUniversityofArizona FieldGuidetoLensDesign Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/17/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms TheFieldGuideSeries Keepinformationatyourfingertipswithallofthetitlesin theFieldGuideSeries: AdaptiveOptics,SecondEdition,RobertTyson& BenjaminFrazier AtmosphericOptics,LarryAndrews BinocularsandScopes,PaulYoder,Jr.& DanielVukobratovich DiffractiveOptics,YakovSoskind GeometricalOptics,JohnGreivenkamp Illumination,AngeloArecchi,TaharMessadi,& JohnKoshel ImageProcessing,KhanM.Iftekharuddin& AbdulAwwal InfraredSystems,Detectors,andFPAs,SecondEdition, ArnoldDaniels InterferometricOpticalTesting,EricGoodwin& JimWyant LaserPulseGeneration,RüdigerPaschotta Lasers,RüdigerPaschotta Microscopy,TomaszTkaczyk OpticalFabrication,RayWilliamson OpticalFiberTechnology,RüdigerPaschotta OpticalLithography,ChrisMack OpticalThinFilms,RonaldWilley OptomechanicalDesignandAnalysis,KatieSchwertz &JamesBurge Polarization,EdwardCollett Probability,RandomProcesses,andRandomData Analysis,LarryAndrews Radiometry,BarbaraGrant SpecialFunctionsforEngineers,LarryAndrews Spectroscopy,DavidBall TerahertzSources,Detectors,andOptics, CréidheO’Sullivan&J.AnthonyMurphy VisualandOphthalmicOptics,JimSchwiegerling FieldGuidetoLensDesign Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/17/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms FieldGuidetoLensDesign Optical design has a long and storied history, from the magnifiers of antiquity, to the telescopes of Galileo and Newton at the onset of modern science, to the ubiquity of modern advanced optics. The process for designing lensesisoftenconsideredbothanartandascience.While advancements in the field over the past two centuries have done much to transform it from the former category to the latter, much of the lens design process remains encapsulatedintheexperienceandknowledgeofindustry veterans. This Field Guide provides a working reference for practicing physicists, engineers, and scientists for decipheringthenuancesofbasiclensdesign.Becausethe opticaldesignprocessishistorically(andquitepractically) closely related to ray optics, this book is intended as a companion to the Field Guide to Geometrical Optics, in which first-order optics, thin lenses, and basic optical systemsaretreatedinmoredetail.Notethatthiscompact referenceisnotasubstituteforacomprehensivetechnical library or the experience gained by sitting down and designinglenses. This material was developed over the course of several yearsforundergraduateandgraduatelensdesignclasses taught at the University of Rochester. It begins with an outline of the general lens design process before delving into aberrations, basic lens design forms, and optimization. An entire section is devoted to techniques for improving lens performance. Sections on tolerancing, stray light, and optical systems are followed by an appendixcoveringrelatedtopicssuchasopticalmaterials, nonimagingconcepts,designingforsampledimaging,and raytracingfundamentals,amongothers. Thanks to both of our families—Danielle, Alison, Ben, Sarah, Julia, and especially our spouses, Jon and Kelly. Thecatswillnowgetfed,andallsoccerparentsbeware! JulieBentley UniversityofRochester CraigOlson L-3Communications FieldGuidetoLensDesign Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/17/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms vii TableofContents GlossaryofSymbolsandAcronyms xi FundamentalsofOpticalDesign 1 SignConventions 1 BasicConcepts 2 OpticalDesignProcess 3 ApertureandWavelengthSpecifications 4 ResolutionandFieldofView 5 PackagingandEnvironment 6 WaveAberrationFunction 7 Third-OrderAberrationTheory 8 SpotDiagramandEncircledEnergy 9 TransverseRayPlot 10 WavefrontorOPDPlots 11 PointSpreadFunctionandStrehlRatio 12 MTFBasics 13 UsingMTFinLensDesign 14 Defocus 15 WavefrontTilt 16 SphericalAberration 17 Coma 18 FieldCurvature 19 PetzvalCurvature 20 Astigmatism 21 Distortion 22 PrimaryColorandSecondaryColor 23 LateralColorandSpherochromatism 24 Higher-OrderAberrations 25 IntrinsicandInducedAberrations 26 DesignForms 27 SelectingaDesignForm:Refractive 27 SelectingaDesignForm:Reflective 28 Singlets 29 AchromaticDoublets 30 AirspacedDoublets 31 CookeTriplet 32 DoubleGauss 33 PetzvalLens 34 TelephotoLenses 35 RetrofocusandWide-AngleLenses 36 RefractiveversusReflectiveSystems 37 Obscurations 38 NewtonianandCassegrain 39 FieldGuidetoLensDesign Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/17/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms viii TableofContents GregorianandSchwarzschild 40 CatadioptricTelescopeObjectives 41 UnobscuredSystems:ApertureClearance 42 UnobscuredSystems:FieldClearance 43 Three-MirrorAnastigmat 44 ReflectiveTriplet 45 Wide-FieldReflectiveDesignForms 46 ZoomLensFundamentals 47 ZoomLensDesignandOptimization 48 ImprovingaDesign 49 TechniquesforImprovinganOpticalDesign 49 AngleofIncidenceandAplanaticSurfaces 50 SplittingandCompounding 51 Diffraction-LimitedPerformance 52 ThinLensLayout 53 LensBending 54 MaterialSelection 55 ControllingthePetzvalSum 56 StopShiftandStopSymmetry 57 Telecentricity 58 Vignetting 59 PupilAberrations 60 Aspheres:Design 61 Aspheres:Fabrication 62 GradientIndexMaterials 63 DiffractiveOptics 64 Optimization 65 Optimization 65 DampedLeastSquares 66 GlobalOptimization 67 MeritFunctionConstruction 68 ChoosingEffectiveVariables 69 SolvesandPickups 70 DefiningFieldPoints 71 PupilSampling 72 Tolerancing 73 Tolerancing 73 DesignMarginandPerformanceBudgets 74 OpticalPrints 75 RadiusofCurvatureTolerances 76 FieldGuidetoLensDesign Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/17/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms ix TableofContents SurfaceIrregularity 77 CenterThicknessandWedgeTolerances 78 MaterialandCosmeticTolerances 79 LensAssemblyMethods 80 AssemblyTolerances 81 Compensators 82 ProbabilityDistributions 83 SensitivityAnalysis 84 PerformancePrediction 85 MonteCarloAnalysis 86 EnvironmentalAnalysis 87 Athermalization 88 StrayLight 89 StrayLightAnalysis 89 StrayLightReduction 90 Antireflection(AR)Coatings 91 GhostAnalysis 92 ColdStopandNarcissus 93 NonsequentialRayTracing 94 ScatteringandBSDF 95 OpticalSystems 96 PhotographicLenses:Fundamentals 96 PhotographicLenses:DesignConstraints 97 VisualInstrumentsandtheEye 98 EyepieceFundamentals 99 EyepieceDesignForms 100 Telescopes 101 Microscopes 102 MicroscopeObjectives 103 Relays 104 Appendix:OpticalFundamentals 105 IndexofRefractionandDispersion 105 OpticalMaterials:Glasses 106 OpticalMaterials:Polymers/Plastics 107 OpticalMaterials:UltravioletandInfrared 108 Snell’sLawandRayTracing 109 FocalLength,Power,andMagnification 110 ApertureStopandFieldStop 111 EntranceandExitPupils 112 MarginalandChiefRays 113 FieldGuidetoLensDesign Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/17/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms x TableofContents ZernikePolynomials 114 ConicSections 115 DiffractionGratings 116 OpticalCementsandCoatings 117 Detectors:Sampling 118 Detectors:Resolution 119 TheLagrangeInvariantandÉtendue 120 IlluminationDesign 121 EquationSummary 122 Bibliography 127 Index 129 FieldGuidetoLensDesign Downloaded From: http://ebooks.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 01/17/2013 Terms of Use: http://spiedl.org/terms xi GlossaryofSymbolsandAcronyms A Area AOI Angleofincidence AR Antireflection BBAR Broadbandantireflectioncoating BFL Backfocallength BFS Bestfitsphere BRDF Bidirectionalreflectancedistribution function BSDF Bidirectionalscatteringdistribution function BTDF Bidirectionaltransmittancedistribution function c Surfacecurvature C Lensconjugatefactor CA Clearaperture CCD Charge-coupleddevice CDF Cumulativedistributionfunction CGH Computer-generatedhologram CMOS Complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor CRA Chiefrayangle CT Centerthickness CTE Coefficientofthermalexpansion CTF Contrasttransferfunction d Airspace d Thickness DLS Dampedleastsquares dn/dT Thermo-opticcoefficient DOE Diffractiveopticalelement EFL Effectivefocallength EPD Entrancepupildiameter ESF Edge-spreadfunction ETD Edgethicknessdifference f Focallength f/# f-numberorrelativeaperture FEA Finite-elementanalysis FieldGuidetoLensDesign 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