Field Guide to Appropriate Technology И PDF
Preview Field Guide to Appropriate Technology И
Hazeltine_FrontMatter Page i Thursday, February 6, 2003 3:02 PM Field Guide to Appropriate Technology Hazeltine_FrontMatter Page ii Wednesday, February 5, 2003 5:58 PM Hazeltine_FrontMatter Page iii Thursday, February 6, 2003 3:02 PM Field Guide to Appropriate Technology Edited by BARRETT HAZELTINE Brown University CHRISTOPHER BULL Brown University Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo Hazeltine_FrontMatter Page iv Wednesday, February 5, 2003 5:58 PM This book is printed on acid-free paper.∞ Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given. The following articles are copyright by their respective authors: Microfinance, by Jill Graat, Rice Paddy: Harvesting, Threshing, Cleaning, and Handling, by Philip B. Cedillo, A Summer Internship in Guatemala, by Monique Schumacher. ACADEMIC PRESS An imprint of Elsevier Science 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press 84 Theobald’s Road, London, WC1X 8RR, UK http://www.academicpress.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001090670 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-335185-5 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 03 04 05 06 07 08 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Hazeltine_FrontMatter Page v Wednesday, February 5, 2003 5:58 PM Contents Contributors xi Acknowledgments xiv Overview Edited by BARRETT HAZELTINE Introduction to Book 1 Culture and the Transfer of Technology, by Andrew Conteh 2 Design Philosophies for Appropriate Technology, by Francis Vanek 7 Being a Volunteer Overseas 12 Chapter 1: Planning and Implementation Edited by BARRETT HAZELTINE Development Project Management, by Chantelle Wyley and Jochen Lohmeier 18 The New Participation: A Viable Approach for Sustainable Development Planning and Action, by Richard Ford 29 Prelude to Participatory Management and Evaluation of Project on Conjunctive Water Use, by Frank Simpson and Girish Sohani 35 Social Assessment and Stakeholder Participation, by Jonathan Brown and Ayse Kudat 39 The Human Side of Change, by Martha K. Preus 47 Gender and Technology in the Field, by Barbara Earth 51 Managing a Small Business 65 Operations 71 Purchasing Policy and Procedures, by James Crossley 81 Marketing 85 Financial Viability and Cash Flow Statement 88 Costing 91 Discounted Cash Flow 94 Capital Recovery Factor 101 Microfinance, by Jill Graat 103 v Hazeltine_FrontMatter Page vi Wednesday, February 5, 2003 5:58 PM vi CONTENTS Planning 111 Project Selection 114 Value Chain 122 Project Evaluation 123 How to Evaluate, by Katherine Evans 125 Management of Projects, by James Crossley 129 Design and Construction of Oversight Program, by James Crossley 133 Responsibility for Getting the Job Done Properly, by James Crossley 135 Emergency Response Program, by James Crossley 135 Disaster Relief 137 Exit Strategy 139 Training, by Eric Allemano 140 Thinking and Learning Together: Facilitating Educational Change, by Etta Kralovec 141 Grant Writing 144 Fundraising, by Kwamena Herbstein 145 A Social Service Organization in Bolivia, by Katherine Evans 150 A Summer Internship in Guatemala, by Monique Schumacher 154 Chapter 2: Energy Edited by NEWELL THOMAS Energy Planning 158 Basics of Electricity 160 Hydropower 170 Wind Power 181 Photovoltaics 192 Introduction to Physics of Semiconductors 197 Cook Stoves 203 Solar Cookers 207 Solar Oven Construction Manual, by Daniel M. Kammen, Shea Van Boskirk, and Monique Nditu 208 Solar Heating 225 An Evaporative Cooler, by Myra Wong 257 Methane Digesters 259 Charcoal Production 266 Fuel Cells 267 Batteries 270 Alcohol as a Fuel 272 Tidal Power 274 Hazeltine_FrontMatter Page vii Wednesday, February 5, 2003 5:58 PM CONTENTS vii Chapter 3: Food Edited by TUARIRA ABDUEL MTAITA Introduction to the Food Chapter 277 Agricultural Machinery 277 Hydroponics, Rooftop, and Related Gardens 282 Urban Gardens, by Aubrey Ludwig 284 Sustainable Agriculture, by Zephirin Ndikumana 288 Hammer Mill of the ELC CAR, by Philip Nelson 291 Oil Press 294 Vegetable Gardening, by Tuarira Abduel Mtaita 297 Intensive Gardening 303 Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Use, by Fanuel Tagwira 304 Amaranth: Grain and Vegetable Types 314 Cassava Production, by Brian Mangwiro, Stanslous Thamangani, and Tuarira Abduel Mtaita 318 Cereal Crop Production 322 Coconut Production, by Tuarira Abduel Mtaita 340 Growing Fruit Under Marginal Conditions, by Tuarira Abduel Mtaita 344 Growing Rice 348 Rice Paddy: Harvesting, Threshing, Cleaning, and Handling, by Philip B. Cedillo 355 Shiitake Mushrooms, by Jeffrey Doff 361 Agroforestry Principles 365 Aquaculture, by Michael A. Rice 372 Beekeeping 417 Raising Cattle 420 Raising Chickens 429 Raising Ducks 436 Ostrich Production 442 Raising Pigs 444 Raising Rabbits 451 Raising Sheep and Goats 461 Nutrition, by Nancie H. Herbold 471 Chapter 4: Health Edited by STEVEN G. McCLOY Health Overview, by Steven G. McCloy 481 Words to the Village Health Worker 483 Community Health Workers, by David J. Bermon 487 Health Care Delivery System, by Float Auma Kidha 491 Hazeltine_FrontMatter Page viii Wednesday, February 5, 2003 5:58 PM viii CONTENTS Culture, Health, and the Environment, by Sarah Scheiderich 493 Tropical Rural Health Care: Pharmaceuticals Versus Medicinal Plants by Thomas J. S. Carlson 495 Traditional Health Practitioners, by Gwinyai Dziwa 500 The Traditional Medical Practitioner in Zimbabwe 502 Medicinal Plants, by Fred V. Jackson 507 Water and Health, by Rachel Salguero 509 Constructing a Small Rural Clinic, by Steven G. McCloy and Barrett Hazeltine 513 Diarrhea 517 Malaria: Resurgence of a Deadly Disease 522 Palliative Care for AIDS Patients 524 Exposure to Indoor Air Pollution From Biofuel Stoves in Rural Kenya, by Daniel M. Kammen, Majid Ezzati, B. M. Mbinda, and Burton H. Singer 527 Dental Health Care 529 Third World Health Care Needs: A Perspective From a Small Town in Guatemala, by Elaine L. Bearer 535 Health Guidelines for Travelers, by Fred V. Jackson 544 Chapter 5: Construction Edited by RICHARD HERBOLD Building, by Richard F. Herbold 545 Building with Arches, Vaults, and Cupolas 557 Cob Structures, by Jessica Wurwarg 563 Straw-Bale Construction 566 Soil Stabilized Bricks 574 Micro-Concrete Roofing Tile Production 580 Thatch 586 Gypsum 590 Bamboo-Reinforced Concrete 594 Nonpoisonous Timber Protection 598 Dry Stone Walling: Applications and Techniques 602 Chapter 6: Transportation Edited by BARRETT HAZELTINE Transportation 609 Rickshaws and Bicycles 610 Bicycles 612 Using Oxen for Farm Work and Transportation, by Drew Conroy 615 Pack Animals 621 Low-Cost Transport Device 623 A Wheel-Manufacturing Technology for Rural Workshops 630 Hazeltine_FrontMatter Page ix Wednesday, February 5, 2003 5:58 PM CONTENTS ix Boats 634 Earth Road Construction 644 Small-Scale Bridges 648 Emergency River Crossings: Culverts, Fords, and Drifts 653 Ropeways in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Helping to Solve the Problems, by David Sowerwine and Greta Rana 661 Chapter 7: Household Technologies Edited by BARRETT HAZELTINE Household Technologies 665 Spinning and Weaving, by Kylee Hitz 667 Dyeing, by Laura Wells 676 Treadle Sewing Machines 677 Silk Production 683 Soap Manufacturing 684 Candles 688 Chalk 694 Pottery 695 Basketry 699 Making Articles from Waste Paper 703 Making Rope, by Laura Voorhees 707 Recycling and Reusing Rubber 713 Paint Production 719 Small-Scale Papermaking 720 Plant Dyes, by Helen King 726 Chapter 8: Water Supply Edited by BARRETT HAZELTINE Water Supply 731 Water Harvesting and Spreading for Conjunctive Use of Water Resources, by Frank Simpson and Girish Sohani 739 Rainwater Collection 744 Saving and Reusing Water 750 Wells: Hand Dug and Hand Drilled 752 Solar Stills 760 Filtration and Disinfection 760 Sanitation 769 Latrines 774 Composting Toilets 792 Water Pumps 796
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