Field Excursion to the Southern Pyrenean and Ebro Foreland Basins, Spain 26th April to 4th May ...

147 Pages·2014·15.95 MB·English

HERITO
� WATT
� DiV!ESIRTY
FielEdx cursitoont he
SoutherPny reneaann dE bro
ForelaBnads insS,p ain
th th
26 Aprtiol4 May2,0 03
Leaders
AndyG ardinePra,t riCcokr bett
andH elenL ewis
Brochucroem pilbeyd
AndyG ardiner
withc ontributifornosm
®
PatriCcokr betJtu,l iaCnl arakn d
Rob Ferguson
Shell
SouthePrny reneaannd E broB asiFni elCdo usreS,p ain ApriMla/y,2 003
CONTENTS
Chapters Page
INTRODUCTION
1 l.l
11. GENERAGLE OLOGICINAFLO RMATION
l.l
1.2A IMS OFT HEE XCURSION
l.l
13. FORMATO FT HEG UIDEBOOK 11.
1.4A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1.2
GEOLOGICAHLI STOROYF T HES OUTHERN PYRENEES 21.
2
21. INTRODUCTITOOTN H EP YRENEES 21.
2.2D EVEOLPMENTO FT HEP YRENEES 2.1
2.12 . Stepha-nLiaatAnep tiRainf ting 21.
2.2.2L atAep ti-aLna tCer etacSetoruisk eD-esfloirpm ation 2.2
2.2.3L atCer etac-eMoiuosc eCnoem pression 2.2
2.3S TRUCTURINATLE RPRETATIOONFST HEP YRENEES 22.
2.13 . Thin-skMiondneeld 2.2
2.3.2T hick-skMiondneeld 2.2
2.3.3I nhomogeSnteroaMuiosnd el 23.
2.3.4T heE videonftc heEe C ORSP roifle 2.3
2.4S TRTAI GRAPHICANADLS TRUCTURDAELV EOLPMENTO F THE
SOUTHP YRENEABNA SIN 23.
2.14 . Pre-comprSetsrsaitoing( rPaopshty- Hercynian) 2.4
2.4.2S yna-nPdo st-CompSrtersastiiognr aphy 2.4
2.4.3K eyS tructouftr heSesp aniPsyhr enees 2.5
2.5 THEU PPECRR ETACEOVUA SL LCARGAB ASIN- EXTENSIAONND
INVERSION 2.6
2.6T HEE OCENSEO UTHP YRENEAFNO RELANBDA SINS 2.7
2.16 . Introduction 2.7
2.6.2T heA geSru b-basin 2.8
2.6.3T heT remp-GSruabu-sb asin 2.8
2.6.4T heA inSsuab -basin 21.0
2.6.5T heJ acSau- bbasin 2.11
2.7T HEU PPEERO CEN-EOLIGOCEJNAEC AB ASIN-FILL 21.1
2.8T HEE BROB ASIN 21.2
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REFERENCES
2b 2b.l
FIELLDO CALITI-ETSH E ALLCARGAB ASIN
3 V
FIELLDO CALITI-ETSHET REMP-GRAUS SUB-BASIN
4
FIELLDO CALITI-ETSH EA INSAS UB-BASIN
5
FIELLD OCALITI-ETSH EJ ACAS UB-BASIN
6
FIELLDO CALITI-ETSH EE XTERNALS IERRASA NDE BROB ASIN
7
GENERAL DIAGRAMS
8
NOTES
9
GEOLOGICAMLA P
10
LOCALITMYA P
11
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Itinerary
Day (SaturdaAyp ril)
1 26th
Fltyo B arcelona
DritvoeT rem(pa ppr2o-xh3.o urs).
Duet ot huen avoidlaatbel et fliimgewhsetw, i llh anvoteti moent hSea turday
eventiond goo uurs ubarli ienft rodutcott higeoe no loogfty h Pey renIenesst.e ad,
wew ildlr isvter atioTg rhetm fJpr laa dtien ner.
NigahttT remp
Day (SundayA pril)
2 271b
Introdutoct thtieeo cnt osneitcta innsdge dimefnitolaftlr h yse o uthPeyrnr enean
forelbaansdi ns.
Shallmoawr isneed imiennt thVsea llcBaarsgiaTn h.eV allcBaarsgiiasna s mall,
extensbiaosnwiahnli cwha sa ctibveef otrheme a iPny rendeeafno rmaatnisdoo n ,
pre-dtahtseeo su thPeyrrne nfeoarne lBaansdiT nhseu. p ppearr otfi tfsi ilnlc ludes
thlea tereaxltleynA sn!invs ea nds(tooArnn e� Fno rmation).
LatePsatl eocAernesena ndsatroonueIn sdo nTah.ew ell-exsphoasleldo w
• marine/shdoerpeolsoiiftnt hesAe r esna ndswtiolnbleee xamitnoet dhe ea sotf
thteo wonfI sonLaa.ti entr h dea ya,f teexra minaotfti hoflenu visaeld iments
arouMnodn tafiwaenm aa,ya lsvoi stihtAe r esna ndsattot nhteey pleo caltiot y,
allcoowm paroifst ohfneo rmaitnit ohdnei ffelroecnatl ities.
Fluvainasdl h almlaorwi sneed imiennt thTser emp-GBraasuisn
Introdutcott hiteoe nc tosneitcta inndsge dimefntioalftrl hy Te r emp-Graus
• Basin.
Examinaotfei xocne llentlflyu-veixaplo sseedid nti hmMeeo nnttsa fiaarneaa .
• Thesien clculdaes esxiacm polfer si bbon-like meansdaenrdisntgo ncehsa,n nel
oftweint ehx cellentlyl-aptreaercsacelrr evsteuidro fna acswe esla,l sm ulti­
storey/mulftliu-vslihaaetlsee atrn adls tTohneeo sv.e rbsaendki mceonmtmso nly
contcaailnc arseoohiuols r iz(ocnasl craenttdeh sew)si elb lee xamined.
Oligocfelnuevc ioanlg lomeNr oafBt eensa barre
•
TheSipsa laeo-vallolnegy- ls-aesadt iimnsegun ptpc loyn diunittto hT er emp­
• Grauasn Ed brboa sins
NigahttS erraduy
Day (Monday April)
3 281b
Shallmoawr iRnoed Saa ndstone
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Shallow-maarriinsneae/n edssbtaaunrd stooftn heReso dSaa ndstnoenaRero da.
•
Ainsa tBuarsbiinsd eidtiem ents.
ForadFaadualS tt.r ikef-asuallttit hp ne o rthmeargrnio nf t hAei nBsaas in
•
Overvoifet whA ei nsa fBraosGmir ni ebFarlot.mh vei ewpoaitG nrti ebiaitls ,
• possitbosl eete h ger osstsr atiogfrt ahdpeeh eyp -wsaetdeirm wehnitcsfh o rm
thleo wpearr otft hfei olftl h Aei qBsaas iCno.m plcehxa nnsnaenld boodciceusr
withaid no minantly fsiuncecs-eigsoronafi,i n nfeedrs ruebdm arsilnooepr ei gin
AinIsa an do vervViieeww.a, c rotshrsee serovfot ihArei, n Is a channel
11
• sandbody, ienaxq puoasrSero dyfA insTah.eA insas andbfoodrymt shfe i rst
11
cliafttf h teo opf t hseh ale-dosmilaoanpbteoe vtdeh q eu arry.
Moriclhlaon cnoemlp lDeext.a ielxaemdi naotfia oc no mplcehxa nsnealnb do dy.
• Examinaotfti hosene dimenstuacrcye sasnicdoo nm parwiistoahGn a mmLao g
measuirnte hdfe i eld.
NigahttA insa
Day (TuesdayA pril)
4 29th
Modelloifsn tga ctkuerdb icdhiatnen els
Examinaotfti hoAeni nscah ancnoemlp lIedxe.n tifainccdao triroenl oaft ion
11
• indivisdaunadlb owdiitehtsih nce o mplDeixs.c iuosonsf s eisrmeisco loutfi on
simisluacrc esisnti hosenu ssb urface.
Discusosfmi oodne lliisnsguI edse.n tifoifmc oadteilolni ng Deilsecmuesnstiso.n
• ofp aarmetleirkste olc yo ntrreosle rbveohiarv iour.
Generaotf2i Dom no deolfts h Aei nsac hancnoemlp lFelxo.sw i mulation
11
• (using EVcalriipasotefit) ho.men o detloes x amisneen sitivities.
NigahttA insa
Day (WednesdaAyp ril)
5 30th
Summyao rft hAei nsBaas in
Guasoov ervViieewow.f n orthpeatrnro ft hAei nBsaa sisnh,o wicnogn toefx t
• thdee ep-wsaetdeirm aenntdth soe v erldyeilntgsa hiacl,ml aorwi annefd l uvial
sedimwehnitcsch o mpltehtfeei o lftl h bea sin.
'Sorbardbeel tsah'a lmlaorwi sneed imseonutotsfh G uaso.
•
EscanFiml.fl lau vial saetOd lism6enn,t s
•
Introdutcott hiJeoa nc a Basin
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Day (FridaMya y)
7 2od
TheH uesflcuav idails trisbyusttaermy
Contineuxeadm inaotfti hoHenu esca dfliusvtirailsb yusttaermy
Examinaotfti hoheni gher neti-nttoe-rgvraolsss
PertuHsiag.h neert -to\s -ugcrcoesssis nai m oonr per oxipmaaroltft hfel uvial
• distrisbyusttaEersmyt. i maotfti horena toifco h antnoen lo n-chafnancieels .
Identifoifmc oadteiloleneil mnegn atnsld o ggoifns gh osretc ttioeo snt ablish
likreelsye rpvaoriarm eters.
AngUeAsd.d itihoingnahel t -tos-egcrtotisoaos dn td o d atabfaosmreo delling
• studies.
DriveC atsop e
Modelling
Lataef ternoone/veeanriilnnhy go t-edli scusosffi ulovnim aold elliisnsgu es.
• Measureomfoe unttc praonpe alnsdd igipthaolt ogrtaoip dhesn stainfdyb ody
dimensions.
NigahttC aspe
Day (SaturdaMya,y )
8 3rd
Finimsohd elelxienrgc ise
Buialr da nogfe2 Dfl uvial mtooed xealmsit,nh ieem paocfdt i ffenreetn-tt o­
• grorsast isoasn,d bdoidmye nsfiloonosd,p clhaairna ctearnipdse ttircosp hysics.
Floswi mulatthiroontu hgmeho dels
Exhumfleudv icahla nnaenldcs h anbneellit nts h seo uthEebrnrB oa sin.
Exhuemdfl uvicahla nnaenldcsh anbneellit nts h Cea spaer eEar.o soifot nh e
• interveningfi nfelhsoa olsde pmflatna flyiu nv icahla nneexlpso saessd a ndstone
ridgTehsec. h annteylpsli lchaya vleo wa spercatt ainocdso mmonsltyat cok
fornma rrmouwl ti-ssatnodrbeoyTd hiepe lsa.n fsohramop fet hessaen dbodies
cabne c leadrelmyo nstarnatdth ecedo ,n tbaecttw eseann dbocdaibnee s
demonstartsa etveedlr oacla lTihtiise sia.str heseau bjoefac c tu rrGePnRt
(GrouPnedn etrRaatdiansrgt) u bdyyt hGee neUtniicPt rso jaetHc etr iot-Watt.
Summarmye eting/de-briefing
NigahttC aspe
Day (SundayM ay)
9 41h
Duet ot heea rfllyi tgihmtwe e,w illle aCvaes pbee fobrree aktfoaa srtr,ii vne
Barcel(oanpap roxi3m-ah4to eulfryrs o Cma spien) tfiomcreh eck-in.
Return to UK
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SouthePrny reneaannd E broB asiFni elCdo ursSep,a in AprliM/ay, 2003
Hoteald dresses
Date Hotel Phone Fax
9)
(003 4
th
Satur2d6aAyp,r il HotSeelg le XX 736 50000 73 665122
Plad�eal aC re8u ,
DP2 5620
Tremp
'
th
Sunda2y7,A pril HotCeals Pae ix 745 44430 745 444 60
Serraduy
th
Mon2.8 and HotDeols R ios 745 009 61 745 100 25
th
Tue2s9.A pril Av da. Central 74
500 043
DP2 2303
Ainsa
th
Wednesd3a0yA,p riHlo tRealm i1r o 743 613 67 743 613 61
C.d eCla rmen 23
DP2 2700
Jaca
Thursld aMya y HostJaola cChofsnt a 742 41 7747 42 413 51
st C.J oacChfons ta
22003
DP
Huesca
nd
Frid2aMya y HotMealg a116n 766 302 22 766 3000 3
rd
Satur3dMaayy PlaOzbai sCpuob eles
DP5 0700
Caspe
Emaihlo:t [email protected]
www.iawol.coam/ghaoltleolnm
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SouthePrny reneaanndE broB asiFni elCdo ursSep,a in April/M2a0y,0 3
1 Introduction
1.1 GENERAL GEOLOGICALI NFORMATION
TheS outhePrny renebaans ifnosr meddu ritnhge T ertiaarsfy o,r elbaansdi tnost he
developPiynrge nemaonu ntacihna inT.h em ainS outhePrny reneBaans iwnh,i ccho nsiosft s
fousru b-bastihneAs g,e rT,e mp-GraAuisn,s aan dJ acsau b-baswianssa ,c tidvuer ing the
EoceneI.ts se dimentfialrilys d ominatbeyad w esterdliyre catxeidad le positisoynsatle m,
whicdhe posimtaeidn lcyl assteidci meinnta sw ider angoefd epositeinovni ronmeTnhtes .
easteprna rotft heb asiinsd ominatbeyfld u visaeld imenwthsi,cp ha swse stwaridnst o
shorelainndse h eldfe posaintdsfi nalilnyt moa rinteu rbidiDtueets o.r enewetdh rust
activdietpyo,s itwiaosrn e stridcutreidn g latthEeeo cenaen dO ligocetnote h ew esternmost
JacEax ternaSlu b-basLiant.et rh rusptrso pagafutretdh esro uthwarfdosr,m itnhgeE xternal
Sierrwahse rteh ecyu tu p-sectTihoinls.e dt ot hed evelopmoefna st e confdo relbaansdi n,
theE broB asitno,t hes outohft heE xternaSli errDaesp.o sitiinto hneE broB asidnu,r itnhge
Oligo-Miocweansde o,m inatbeyad l luvfiaanlfl, u viaanld l acustsryisntee ms.
1.2 AIMSO F THE EXCURSION
Thea imosf t hee xcursairoetn o e xamintehe s edimentfairloylf ts h eS outhePrny renean
Basiann dt hen ortheprna rotf t heE broB asiann dt herierl atiotnosc hoinpt emporaneous
tectoancitci viItnry e.c eyneta rast,t emphtasv bee emna det od escritbhees uccessiino n
termosfs equenscter atigrmaopdheilacsn ,dt hea pplicaboiftl hietsmyeo deltsof oreland
basiwnisl ble d iscussed.
Althouwgehw ilclo nsideexrp loratioins-ssucdeauslr ei tnhge e xcursiwoenw ,i lclo ncentrate
ont her eservosicra laen dw ildli scutshsel ikerleys ervobierh avioofut rh es andbodsieeesan t
outcrTohpe.e xcelleexnpto suarlelso twh e2 -dimensiaonnd3a -ld imensional ogfet ohmee try
sanbdo dieasn,dt heiinrt erconnectteobd ene exsasm,i niendd etaainldw ew ildli scuas s
rangoefr eserviosisru eisn,c ludriensge rvodiers cripmtoidoenbl,u ildiflnogw,s imulation
andw eltle stiantog u,t crToope .n abulset od ot hiwse,w ildlr awo na w ider angoefs tudies
ing eoscieanncdee n gineewrhiincghh a vbee ecna rrieodu ta tH eriot-WUantitv ersity.
1.3 FORMAT OF THE GUIDEBOOK
TheS outhePrny reneaarne haa sb eetnh es ubjeocfmt u chd etaiwloerdkd uritnhge l ast
twentfiyv ey earTsh.e a rehaa sb eewne ldle scriibnet dh el iteraatnudsr eev erfaile gludi des
tot hea reeax isSte.c ti2o onft higsu idebocookn taaib nrsi seufm maroyft heg eological
histooryft heS outhePrny reneaanndE brob asiannsd i sf ollowbeyda ne xtensive
bibliogrFaoplhlyo.w itnhgis su mmartyh,eb ulokf t hei nformaotnii onnd ivildoucaall ities
(Secti3o tno7s ) t aketsh ef orm ofd iagraimnsc,l udmianpgs s,e dimentlaorgycs r, oss-sections
andd epositimoondaell sT.h esdei agrawmislf lo rm theb asiosfd iscussiinot nhsefi eld.
1.4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Theg eologiscuamlm aryi nS ecti2o insb aseodn a ne arlsiuemrm aroyft heS outhern
Pyrenebaans ibnysT revoErl liooftL ti verpUonoilv erswihtiyc,hh a sb eeunp dataendd
extendteocd o vetrh eE broB asiMna.n yo ft hed iagraumsse idn t heg uideboaorkeb aseodn
publicatliiosntisen td h eb ibliogrfaopwrhh yi,c whe thantkh ea uthoWres .a lstoh anJku lian
Clarfko prr ovidmiuncgh n ewm ateroinat lh eA insBaa sin.
Thiesx cursrieocne ivfienda ncisaulp pofrrto mS helElx praon dt heA berdeFeonr mation
EvaluatSioocni eftoywr,h icwhe o ffeoru rs incetrhea nks.
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2 GeoloHgiisctoaoftlr h Syeo uthPeyrrne nees
21. INTRODUCTITOOTN H EP YRENEES
TheP yrenaerepesa rotft hAel piMnoeu ntBaeilnot fS outhEeurnr opeex,t enfdriontmgh e
AsturiinNa osr thSeprna in eatsotP wraorvdeisnnS c oeu thFerrna ncTeh.em ountbaeilnt
develofpreotdmh lea Ctree tacteoPo luiso cteinmeeA s n.o trh-socurtoshse sc ttihorno ugh
thPey renreeevse saelvse driaslt inscttriuvcet ur(aFli gzu2or.nae1ens sd2 .2).
i) TheA quitBaaisniienn S outhFerrna nwchei cihsi ,np aratf ,o relbaanstdio tn h e
Pyrenees.
ii) A zonoefn orth-vtehrrgueasnnttfds o lds.
iii)T heN ortPhy renFeaaunZl otn -eas tefeapu zlotnw ei tlho cadlelvye lozpoendoe fs
higsht rianiM ne sozmoeitca sediamneldnh tesr zpooldist.e
iv) TheA xiZaoln e, coomfp? oPsreedc amtboCr airabno nifmeertoausse digmneenitsss,
domeasn gdr anitwohiidccehos n,s taiH teurtcey nmiaasns if.
v) A zonoefs outh-vtehrrgueasnnttdfs o lodnst hSep anissihdo eft hPey renees.
vi)A southseyrns toeffm o relbaansdit nots h meo untbaeil-ntt h Seo utPhy renBeaasni n
(AgeTrr,e mp-GArianusasan, Jd acSau b-baasnitdnh sEe)b rBoa sin.
Thee xcurissci oonnc erneexldcu siwvietlthyh eev oluotfif oonre lbaansdio nnts h seo uthern,
Spanisisdhoe ft hPey renaenetdsh eliirn wkistd he formaitnti hoseno uth-vtehrrgubesentltt
antdh aex izaoln e
2.2D EVELOPMEONFTT HEP YRENEES
Threper incsitpaagclea sbn e r ecogniints hedede velopomfte hnPety renMeoaunn tBaeilnt :
2.12 S.tephatnoLi aatnAe p tiRiafnt ing
Stephatnoli aaAtnpe t irainf tbientgw eIebne arniFdar anbceeg ainnp ost-Hertciymneisa,n
duritnhgle a Sttee phaanniPdae nr miaanncd,r eaitnetdr a-conetxitneennsotirao ln al
transtebnassiio(nnSsap le ksn1i9j8d5eC)ro.,n tinruiefdla innsdgu bsidientn hcTeer iassic
andL iasesviecn turaelsluyil ntt ehfdeo rmaotfia om na ribnaes wihni cphe rsitshtreodu ghout
thLeo wearn dM iddJluer as(sPiuci gdefaanbSdro eugqaus1e 9t8,6 T)h.ep rincipal rifling
phabseeg adnu ritnhgKe i mmeridagnidca onn tiinnutetodhl ea Atpet ihaenr,a ltdhien g
openionftg h Bea yo fB isc(aPyi neetat l ., 1A9 r8i7f)mt.aer dg wiansp roduactte hdBe i scay
margoiftn h Fer enpclha atnend u merootuhsbe ars iwnesre en hanactte hdit si m(ee .tgh.e
ParenBtaissi Tnh)e.ri esn oe videfnoctreh e ex istoefon cceea cnriucbs ett wetehnIe b erian
·anEdu roppelaanit net shP ey renean region.
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2.1
SouthePrny reneaannd E broB asiFni elCdo ursSep,a in April/May,
2003
2.2L.a2t Aep titaoLn a tCer etacSetoruisk e-slip Deformation
LatAep titaoln a Ctree tacsetoruisk e-slip Ndoerftohrwemaxarttdei noosnfi.t o hAnet lantic
spreacdeinntgar netd h ien itioafst eiao-nf slporoera idnit nhBgea yo fB iscianly a te
Aptni/aeaArllbyi (aJn- ano1m0a1M lay),c ausaem da jocrh anignpe l amtoet iownistI,hb eria
begintnoim nogv seo uth-ienaa s sitn issternwasilet rhe spteotc htFe r enpclha te (Boillot,
1984T)h.ic sh anignpe l amtoet iownassa lmoesntt iarcecloym modiantt heCede ntral
Pyrenneoersm;fa alu wletrsre e actiavssa ttreidk e-salniflpdo wfeasrut lrtusc wteurree s
produlcoecda plalryt,i counlt ahnreol ryt h(eFrnr enscihd)Te r.a nsteansssioocniw aitttehhd e
openionfB ga yo fB iscfaoyr meexdt ensbiaosni(anels. t gh.Ve a llcBaarsgiasn e,Se e ction
2.5w)h icwhe raec tiuvnett ihlbe e g\tiinnogf a lpicnoem pression.
2.2L.a3t Cer etacteoMo iuosc eCnoem pression
Compresrseisounfl rtoeamdf urtchhearn ignpe l amtoet iwohni,c wha sc ausbeytd h e
northweaxrtde nosfit ohNneo rthA tlanstpirce acdeinntgar netd h cee ssaotfsi eofanl oor
spreaidnit nhBgea yo fB iscaTyh.et imionftg h icsh anigsde a taet7d 5 M ab yt haeg oef t he
lasseta -fmlaogonres ttircii npt ehB ea yo fB iscaAyc.c ordtioPn ugi gdefaabnrSde oguaqsu et
(9186t)h eea rliest Alpimnaeyh asvhbeoe redtnue teno ti rnagn spresstsriiokneba-ulstb ,ly i p
thPea leocaec noen,v ermgaerngthi andd e veloapnedtd hE eu roppelaanwt aesb eing
subdubcetneedIa btehr Tihar.u spteisrne wg a sc onfitnote hdie m medivaitcei onfit thye
mountaibn uabtse slotc,i ated deexftoernnmdoaertdti hownca arudssii,nn vge rosfei aornl ier
basionnts h Fer enscihda en idn itidaitaipnigr isemt a l(1.P9,i8 n7eT)th. ec ompressional
direcwtaisNo NnE -SSaWn eds timoafst heosr tehnaivanem g e avna loufea rou1n00dk m.
2.3S TRUCTULR INATERPRETATIOOFN ST HE PYRENEES
Numeromuosd ehlasv bee epnr opotsoee xdp ltahisent rucsttuyralaneldd evelopomfte hnet
Pyrendeuersit nhgae l pionreo geTnoyd .a tneo,n oeft hemsoed ehlasv aec hieav ed
consentshumesa ;ia nr eoafsc ontenatriieo) tn h aet tiotfut dhteeh rautsd te ptihit;)h e
signifoifct ahNneoc retP hy renfeaaunal ntdi; i tih)o er igainnsd i gnifoifca 1na5k c me
southwdaorwdn sitnte hpMe o hob enetahtNeho rtPhy renfeaaunwl hti,cw ha si dentiinf ied
earsleyi swmoirck T.h remeo declasbn e i dentaitfp ireeds ent.
2.13 T.hin-skMiondneeld
Thimso deilsf avoubryWe idl liaanmdFs i hsec(r 9 l84w)h oi nterpars eyts toefhm i gh-level
thruwshtiscl,hi ndko wnwairndtaslo o w-asnogllteeh rwuhsitc dhi pnso ratt6h d egrees
(Fig2u.r3eM) o.s otft hseh orteinsdi inrge cstoeudt hwaanrtddh sne o rthwsahrodrt enoinn g
thFer enchi sas titdrei tboau b taecdk thfrauwnhs itc bhr ancfhreosm thteh rsuwosilttei,h t s
extenisnifoenrrt eold ib ee netahtAehq uitBaaisnieTn h.ee videfnoctreh M eo hos tep
direbcetnleyta htpehr esoeunttc orfot phN eo rtPhy renfeaaunil sit g noirnet dh imso del.
2.3T.h2i ck-skMiondneeld
Deramoentad l( .1 98i4n)t erapt rheitn -skinned atthh irgulhse tv ewslhysis,cst hte eme paetn s
deptchu,tt shc er ust-mantlaen dpb aosusniednsata rdo ye collebmeetnwtet ehnce r ust and
mantnloert ohf t hNeo rtPhy renfeaaunlT th.er estolroewdec rr uissmt o raet tenuiantt heids
interprwehtiactihisi o nkn e,e pwiintgth h eea rleixte ern siaonntda rla nstehnissitooonfra yl
thaer eOan.c aeg aihno,w evtehrMe,o hos teipsi gnoirnet dh imso del.
GardineCro,r beatntd L ewis Page
2.2