Fiber to the Home: The New Empowerment

157 Pages·2005·3.031 MB·English

by  Paul E. Green Jr.

FIBER TO THE HOME
TEAM LinG
WILEY SURVIVAL GUIDES IN ENGINEERING
AND SCIENCE
Emmanuel Desurvire, Editor
WileySurvivalGuideinGlobalTelecommunications:SignalingPrinciples,
NetworkProtocols, and Wireless Systems EmmanuelDesurvire
Wiley Survival Guide in Global Telecommunications: Broadband Access,
OpticalComponents and Networks, and Cryptography
EmmanuelDesurvire
Fiber to theHome:The New Empowerment PaulE.Green,Jr.
FIBER TO THE HOME
The New Empowerment
Paul E. Green, Jr.
WILEY-INTERSCIENCE
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Green,PaulEliot,1924–
Fibertothehome:thenewempowerment/byPaulE.Green,Jr.
p.cm.
“AWiley-Intersciencepublication.”
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-471-74247-0
ISBN-10:0-471-74247-3
1.Opticalfibersubscriberloops.I.Title
TK5103.592.O68G742006
004.6’4–dc22 2005048607
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Foreword, ix
LeonardKleinrock
Preface, xi
CHAPTER 1
TheEvolutionoftheBroadbandLastMile, 1
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 AFew Definitions, 2
1.3 Cable Competition, 6
1.4 Triple Play, 7
1.5 International Competition, 7
1.6 End-User Pressures, 8
1.7 Specific End-User ApplicationNeeds, 8
1.8 The Digital Divide, 12
1.9 Cost Improvements, 12
1.10 Needs ofthe Supplier Industries, 14
1.11 Needs ofthe Telecomm Service Providers, 15
1.12 Deficiencies ofthe Legacy Solutions—DSL,Cable, andWireless, 17
1.13 Future-ProofNature ofthe Fiber Last Mile, 21
1.14 Why Bringing Fiber Onlyto the Curb isInsufficient, 22
1.15 The Wireless “Alternative,” 23
1.16 The Position of the Skeptics, 23
References, 24
Vocabulary Quiz, 25
v
vi
Contents
CHAPTER 2
ArchitecturesandStandards, 27
2.1 Introduction, 27
2.2 What Does a PON Look Like? 28
2.3 ATM Cellsor Ethernet Packets? 30
2.4 How the Architectures Will Be Presentedin This Book, 31
2.5 ITU’s BPON (BroadbandPassiveOptical Network) Standard G.983, 33
2.5.1 BPON Portrayed asLayers, 33
2.5.2 BPON Portrayed asFormats, 36
2.5.3 BPON Portrayed asa Sequence ofEvents, 40
2.5.4 Ranging, 40
2.5.5 Security, 40
2.5.6 ProtectionSwitching, 41
2.5.7 Analog Video Delivery over aBPON, 42
2.6 ITU’s GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) Standard G.984, 45
2.6.1 GPON Portrayed as Layers, 45
2.6.2 GPON Portrayed as Formats, 49
2.6.3 GPON Portrayed as SequencesofEvents, 54
2.6.4 GPON Encryption, 55
2.7 IEEE Ethernet PassiveOptical Network (EPON)Standard 802.3ah, 56
2.7.1 EPON Portrayed asLayers, 56
2.7.2 EPON Portrayed asFormats, 59
2.7.3 EPON Portrayed asSequences ofEvents, 62
2.8 Comparison ofATM-Based and Ethernet-Based PONS, 63
2.9 AnExample ofArchitecturevs. Implementation, 65
References, 66
Vocabulary Quiz, 68
CHAPTER 3
BaseTechnologies, 69
3.1 Optical Fiber Basics, 69
3.2 Impairments, 73
3.2.1 Chromatic Dispersion, 74
3.2.2 Loss andRayleigh Scattering, 76
3.2.3 StimulatedBrillouinScattering (SBS), 77
3.2.4 StimulatedRaman Scattering (SRS), 79
3.2.5 Self- andCross-Phase Modulation (SPMand CPM), 80
3.2.6 Four-Wave Mixing (FWM), 80
vii
Contents
3.3 Optical Amplifiers, 80
3.4 Splittersand Couplers, 83
3.5 Connectors andSplices, 85
3.6 Lasers andTransmitters, 87
3.7 Photodiodes andReceivers, 90
3.8 ThePhysics ofLasingand Photodetection, 91
3.9 Summary, 97
References, 97
Vocabulary Quiz, 98
CHAPTER 4
DeployingtheSystem, 99
4.1 Introduction, 99
4.2 The LinkBudget, 100
4.3 Aerial Deployment, 103
4.4 UndergroundDeployment, 105
4.5 Reuse of Underground Facilities, 110
4.6 Cabinets, Pedestals, Closures, andVaults, 111
4.7 SubscriberPremisesOptical Network Unit, 113
4.8 Head-End Optical Line Terminal, 114
4.9 Slack Management, 116
4.10 In-Building Installation, 116
4.11 Safety Considerations, 118
4.12 Powering, 120
4.13 Testing andMaintenance, 122
4.14 Costs, 124
References, 125
Vocabulary Quiz, 126
CHAPTER 5
CurrentDeployments, 127
5.1 Introduction, 127
5.2 United States, 127
viii
Contents
5.3 Japan, 132
5.4 Korea, 134
5.5 China, 134
5.6 Australia, 134
5.7 Europe, 134
References, 135
Vocabulary Quiz, 136
CHAPTER 6
TheFuture, 137
Index, 139
Foreword
Thepromise offiber communications hasnot been realized either inthe long-haul
backbone network or in the last mile access network. Considerable discussion has
taken place regarding the failure of the former, the most compelling explanation
being the bursting of the dot.com bubble which drastically reduced the growth of
trafficinthebackboneandproducedadevastatingeffectonthetelecommindustry.
Capital for broadbandin the backbonedried up rapidlyat the turn ofthis century.
Morecomplexreasonsexistthatfibertothehome(FTTH)hasnottakenoffin
thepast.Inthisbook,PaulGreenexaminesthisissueandprovidesanindepthtreat-
mentofthedriversthatarenowemergingwhichwilllikelyspurdramaticincreases
inFTTHdeployment(alreadytheearlysignsarethere)asastrongalternativetothe
existingbroadbandaccesstechnologiesofcopper(DSL)andcoax(cablemodems).
He makes the effective, and common, argument that today’s move toward multi-
media streams into the home (in addition to voice and data, the three together
forming the holy grail of the “triple play”) is driving the demand for broadband
access to homes (as well as other end–user premises). Green minimizes the value
of copper and coax as a sustainable solution while at the same time arguing that
fiber is future proof, and hence the correct solution. The influence of the common
carriers, especially in the United States, on the continued push for DSL and of the
cable operators on the continued push for cable modems is an important part of
the discussion inwhich Green engages us.
PaulGreentakesusonajourneythroughallaspectsoftheFTTHlandscape.He
has crafted an exceptional book that explains why Fiber to the Home is finally
coming to your neighbourhood. After arguing, most effectively, that the access
network represents an enormous bandwidth gap between the backbone network
and the end user computational platforms, he then takes us through the many
layersofdesign anddeviceissues related tofiber.
First we are exposed to the different architectural choices for passive optical
networks (PONs) leading finally to a very nice summary table that compares the
ATM-based and Ethernet-based PONs; he then offers his opinion that “...the
moststrikingdifference,inthismodernworldofIPpackets,theWebandubiquitous
small, cheap laptops and desktops, is the complexity of the (ATM-based) APONs
compared to the (Ethernet-based) EPONs... much is due to the tyranny of the
125-microsecond framing” that comes from the telco world. He further offers “It
is this author’s prediction that EPONs and their descendants are likely to become
ix