Fiber-to-the-Home Technologies

359 Pages·2002·12.738 MB·English

by  Josep Prat, Pere E. Balaguer, Joan M. Gené, Oscar Díaz, Sergi Figuerola (auth.)

FIBER-TO-THE-HOME TECHNOLOGIES
Fiber-to-the-Home
Technologies
by
JosepPrat
Pere E. Balaguer
JoanM. Gene
Oscar Diaz
and
Sergi Figuerola
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4419-5297-4 ISBN 978-1-4757-5219-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5219-9
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston in 2002
No part ofthe material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
induding photocopying, recording or by any inforrnation storage and
retrieval system, without wrltten permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
Document overview 10
CHAPTER 2
Access Techniques 11
Introduction 11
2.1. Network architecture 12
Introduction 12
2.1.1. Access network 12
2.1.2. Functions to be done by access network elements 15
2.1.3. Power budget 16
2.1.4. Active versus passive architectures 19
v
vi Table of Contents
2.1.5. Unidirectional versus bidirectional systems 23
2.1.6. Optical access network architectures 24
2.1.6.1. Point-to-point fiber approach 25
2.1.6.2. Point-to-multipoint networks 26
2.1.6.3. Physical topology and logical topology 31
2.1.7. Main optical effects/issues 32
2.1.8. Packet-switched approaches 35
2.1.9. Advanced architectures 36
2.2. Modulation formats 41
Introduction 41
2.2.1. Basic modulation formats 41
2.2.1.1. NRZ vs. RZ comparison 41
2.2.2. Advanced modulation formats 44
2.2.2.1. Multilevel signalling 45
2.2.2.2. Coherent systems 53
2.2.3. Electrical modulations 57
2.3. Multiplexation techniques 62
Introduction 62
2.3.1. Time division multiplexing 63
2.3.1.1. Optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) 63
2.3.2. Frequency/wavelength division multiplexing 66
2.3.2.1. Sub-carrier multiplexing (SCM) 67
2.3.2.2. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) 70
2.3.3. Code division/coherence multiplexing 74
2.3.3.1. OCDM in temporal domain 75
2.3.3.2. OCDM in spectral domain 78
2.3.3.3. 2D OCDMA time-frequency 88
2.3.3.4. 3D OCDMA frequency-time-frequency 89
2.3.3.5. Coherence multiplexing 91
2.4. Multiple access techniques 94
Introduction 94
2.4.1. Point- to-point 94
2.4.2. Shared medium time, freuqency and code 96
2.4.2.1. Deterministic strategies 96
2.4.2.2. Random strategies 98
2.4.2.3. Request/grant strategies 103
2.4.2.4. Mixed technologies 106
Summary 109
References 112
Table of Contents vii
CHAPTER 3
Protocols and standardisation 117
Introduction 117
3.1. APON: ATM passive optical network 117
3.1.1. G983.3 standard 121
3.1.2. G.983.4 121
3.1.3. G.983.5 122
3.1.4. A brief view in the ITU-T Recommendation G.983.1 125
3.2. EPON: Ethernet passive optical network 132
3.2.1. Gigabit Ethernet 134
3.2.2. 10 Gigabit Ethernet 137
3.2.2.1. Physical Media Dependent (PMOs) 138
3.2.2.2. Physical Layer (PHYs) 138
3.2.2.3. Differences between 1 Gigabit Ethernet and
10 Gigabit Ethernet 140
3.2.3. ATM vs. EPON 140
3.3. HFe 142
Summary 146
References 146
CHAPTER 4
Projects & field trials 149
Introduction 149
4.1. European Union 149
4.1.1. CORDIS 147
4.1.1.1. PLANET (Photonic Local Access Netwoks).
ACTS-. 2000 149
4.1.1.2. TOBASCO (Towards Broadband Access Systems
for CATV Optical Networks). ACTS-. 1998 151
4.1.1.3. HARMONICS (hybrid Access
Reconfigurable Multi-wavelength Optical
Networks for IP-based Communication
Systems). IST-. 2001 154
4.1.1.4. SONATA (Switchless Optical Network
for Advanced Transport Architecture) 156
viii Table of Contents
4.1.1.5. BONAPARTE (Broadband Optical Network
using ATM PON Access facilities in Realistic
Telecommunication Environments). ACTS-.
1998 158
4.1.1.6. BOURBON: Broadband Urban Rural Based
Open Networks-. ACTS. 1999 159
4.1.1.7. BBL: Broadbandloop Project 160
4.1.1.8. Others projects 162
4.1.2. Eurescom 163
4.1.2.1. BOBAN (Building and Operating Broadband
Access Network) 163
4.2. Others 165
4.2.1. Fibervista architecture-. 1999 165
4.2.2. Ringo architecture-. 2001 167
4.2.2.1. RINGO architecture and protocol 167
4.2.2.2. RINGO node structure 169
4.2.3. Modified star-ring architecture (MSRA)-. 2001 170
4.2.4. The next generation optical regional access network-.
DARPA 2000 174
4.2.4.1. Dual-fiber ring and optical protectio switching 174
4.2.4.2. Access node implementation 175
4.2.5. Others projects and experimental projects 177
4.2.5.1. Cascaded WDM passive optical network with
a highly shared source. 1997 177
4.2.5.2. A WDM access system architecture based
on spectral slicing of an amplified led and
delay-line multiplexing and encoding of eight
wavelength channels for 64 subscribers-. 1997 179
4.2.5.3. "Rite-net" architecture-. 1994 180
4.2.5.4. Wavelength-tolerant optical access architecture 181
4.2.5.5. Coherence multiplexed access network 182
4.3. Field trials 183
S~ary 183
References 186
Table of Contents ix
CHAPTER 5
Components 189
Introduction 189
5.1. Fiber cables and cabling systems 189
5.1.1. Introduction 189
5.1.2. Optical Fiber 190
5.1.3. 'JYpes of Fiber 193
5.1.3.1. Single-Mode Fibers (SMF) 193
5.1.3.2. Multi-Mode Fibers (MMF) 194
5.1.3.3. Plastic Optical Fiber (POP) 196
5.1.3.4. FineLight(tm): Special fiber for FITH 197
5.1.4. Impairments 198
5.1.5. Protecting the fibers: Cable designs 199
5.1.5.1. Tight Buffers Cables (TBC) 199
5.1.5.2. Loose Tubes Cables (LTC) 200
5.1.6. Types of fiber cable 201
5.1.6.1. Some common cables 201
5.1.7. Cabling Systems 203
5.1.7.1. Push & Pull Installation Fiber 203
5.1.7.2. Air-Blown Fiber 204
5.1.7.3. Air-Assisted Fiber 206
5.1.7.4. Sewer cabling 209
5.2. Transceivers 210
5.2.1. Introduction 210
5.2.2. Integrated transceivers 210
5.2.2.1. Introduction 210
5.2.2.2. Characteristics 212
5.2.3. Light sources 217
5.2.3.1. Introduction 217
5.2.3.2. Light emitting diode (LED) 218
5.2.3.3. Laser Diode (LD) 223
5.2.3.4. Tunable laser 229
5.2.3.5. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers
(VCSELs) 238
5.2.4. Photodetectors 245
5.2.4.1. Introduction 245
5.2.4.2. P-I-N diodes 245
5.2.4.3. Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) 249
5.4.2.4. Commercial devices 254
x Table of Contents
5.3. Amplifiers 255
5.3.1. Introduction 255
5.3.2. Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) 255
5.3.2.1. Introduction 255
5.3.2.2. EDFA operation 255
5.3.2.3. EDFA parameters 256
5.3.2.4. EDFA specifications 258
5.3.2.5. Research 259
5.3.3. Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) 265
5.3.3.1. Introduction 265
5.3.3.2. SOAs in access 265
5.4. Passive components 270
5.4.1. Introduction 270
5.4.2. Optical couplers 270
5.4.2.1. Introduction 270
5.4.2.2. Coupler types 271
5.4.2.3. Research 271
5.4.2.4. Commercial 276
5.4.3. Optical multiplexers 277
5.4.3.1. Introduction 277
5.4.3.2. Research 278
5.4.4. Opticals filters 283
5.4.5. Connectors 284
5.4.5.1. Introduction 284
5.4.5.2. Small Form Factor (SFF) Connectors 287
5.4.5.3. Installing Connectors 291
5.4.5.4. Optical Splices 291
Summary 293
References 296
CHAPTER 6
Transmission impairments and monitoring 303
6.1. Introduction 303
6.2. Faults and impairments 305
6.2.1. Elements failures 305
6.2.2. Fiber cut 306
6.2.3. Attenuation 306
6.2.4. Optical beat interference (OBI) 307
Table of Contents xi
6.2.5. Connector reflections 308
6.2.6. Dispersion 310
6.2.7. Frequency instability 310
6.2.8. Crosstalk 311
6.2.9. Noise 312
6.2.10. Extinction ratio 313
6.2.11. Differential optical path loss 314
6.2.12. Timing jitter 314
6.3. Maintenance procedures 315
6.4. Monitoring systems 316
6.4.1. Fiber monitoring between buildings 317
6.4.2. Branches access network monitor 319
6.5. Test instructments 323
6.5.1. Optical power meter 323
6.5.2. Optical spectrum analyser 324
6.5.3. Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer 326
6.5.4. BER Estimator 327
Summary 327
References 330
CHAPTER 7
Economic case study 333
Introduction 333
7.1. Technology trends 333
7.2 Scenarios under study: PlP and PlMP 336
7.3 Cost analysis 337
7.3.1. Unitary Costs 339
7.4. Scenario 1: Case PlP. Deployment costs 339
7.5. Scenario 2: Case PlMP. Deployment costs 340
7.6. Results 342
7.6.1. Simulations 344
7.7. Conclusions 346
References 347