Fiber-optic sensors for biomedical applications

311 Pages·2018·5.151 MB·English

by  Perrone, Guido, Tosi, Daniele

Fiber-Optic Sensors for
Biomedical Applications
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Fiber-Optic Sensors for
Biomedical Applications
Daniele Tosi
Guido Perrone
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-63081-152-5
Cover design by John Gomes
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Contents
Introduction xiii
CHAPTER 1
Fundamentals of Wave Optics and Optical Fibers 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves 1
1.3 Reflection and Refraction of Plane Waves 5
1.4 Dielectric Waveguides 7
1.5 Optical Fibers 10
1.6 Practical Aspects in Using Optical Fibers 14
Selected Bibliography 17
CHAPTER 2
Devices for Fiber-Optic Sensing Applications 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Light Sources 19
2.2.1 Light-Emitting Diodes 20
2.2.2 Laser Diodes 22
2.3 Photodiodes 27
2.4 Isolators and Circulators 29
2.5 Couplers 30
2.5.1 Wavelength-Insensitive Couplers 31
2.5.2 Wavelength-Sensitive Couplers 33
2.6 Polarization Optics 33
2.7 Optical Spectrum Analyzers and Spectrometers 35
References 37
CHAPTER 3
Principles of Fiber-Optic Sensing 39
3.1 Definitions 39
3.2 Classification 40
3.3 Working Principles 41
3.4 Sensor Performance Analysis 44
v
vi Contents
3.5 Application-Integrated Design 46
References 47
CHAPTER 4
Intensity-Based Sensors 49
4.1 Introduction 49
4.2 Sensors Exploiting the Modulation of Losses 51
4.3 Sensors Based on Coupling Loss 53
References 57
CHAPTER 5
Fiber Bragg Gratings 59
5.1 Description 59
5.2 Uniform FBGs 59
5.3 FBG Thermal and Mechanical Response 63
5.4 FBG Arrays 66
5.5 Chirped and Apodized FBG 68
5.6 Tilted FBG 73
5.7 Fabrication of FBGs 76
5.7.1 Photosensitivity 76
5.7.2 Phase Mask Inscription 77
5.7.3 Interfering Beams 79
5.7.4 Draw-Tower Method 80
5.7.5 Point-by-Point 81
5.8 FBG Package 82
5.9 Recent Advances 83
References 84
CHAPTER 6
Distributed Sensors 87
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 OFDR Theory 88
6.2.1 Demonstration 88
6.2.2 Detection 90
6.3 Microwave Photonics 91
6.4 Sensing Elements 92
6.5 Practical Considerations 94
6.6 Perspectives 96
References 97
CHAPTER 7
Fabry-Perot Interferometers 99
7.1 Fabry-Perot Interferometer Principle 99
7.2 FPI-Based Sensors 102
7.3 FPI/FBG Dual Sensors 105
Contents vii
7.4 Fabrication of FPI Sensors 106
7.5 Self-Mixing Interferometry 110
7.6 Other Interferometers 112
References 112
CHAPTER 8
Fiber-Optic Biosensor Principles 115
8.1 Introduction 115
8.2 Sensors Exploiting the Evanescent Field Absorption 115
8.3 Sensors Exploiting Surface Plasmon Resonance 118
8.3.1 SPR Sensors in Bulk Optics 118
8.3.2 SPR Sensors in Optical Fibers 121
8.3.3 SPR Sensors in Photonic Crystal Fibers 123
References 124
CHAPTER 9
Optical Fiber Spectroscopy 129
References 131
CHAPTER 10
Fiber-Optic Sensor Networks 133
10.1 Introduction 133
10.2 Amplitude Detection Methods 134
10.2.1 FBG and Fabry-Perot Interferometers 134
10.2.2 Plastic Fiber-Based Systems 136
10.3 White Light-Based Setup 137
10.3.1 Setup and Instrumentation 137
10.3.2 Time/Wavelength Division Multiplexing 139
10.3.3 Cepstrum Division Multiplexing 140
10.4 Scanning-Source Interrogators 140
10.5 Multiparametric Sensors 142
10.6 Distributed Sensing Units 143
10.7 Commercial Devices 145
10.8 Conclusions 148
References 148
CHAPTER 11
Interrogation Software 151
11.1 FBG Tracking Direct Methods 151
11.1.1 Centroid 151
11.1.2 Bandwidth Tracking 152
11.1.3 Polynomial Fitting 153
11.2 EFPI Direct Tracking 154
11.2.1 Short-Cavity EFPI 154
11.2.2 Long-Cavity EFPI 155
viii Contents
11.3 Direct Karhunen-Loeve Transform 156
11.4 Multi-EFPI Systems 158
11.5 Tilted and Chirped FBG 159
11.5.1 TFBG 159
11.5.2 CFBG 160
11.6 LabVIEW Implementation 161
11.7 Conclusions 161
References 161
CHAPTER 12
Standards for Medical Sensors 163
12.1 Main Standards 163
12.2 ISO 10993 163
12.3 ISO 13485 165
12.4 IEC 60601 165
12.5 Other Standards 167
12.6 CE Mark 168
References 169
CHAPTER 13
Protocols and Tools for Validation 171
13.1 Moral Norms 171
13.2 Relevant Definitions 171
13.2.1 In Vivo 172
13.2.2 Ex Vivo 172
13.2.3 In Vitro 172
13.2.4 Phantom 173
13.2.5 Principle of 3Rs 173
13.2.6 Ethical Issues 174
13.3 Research and Test Methodologies 175
13.4 Investigational Device Exemption 176
13.5 Useful Tools 177
References 180
CHAPTER 14
Sensor Catheterization 181
14.1 Characteristics of Medical Catheters 181
14.1.1 Invasiveness and Size 181
14.1.2 Form Factor and Rigidity 182
14.1.3 Insertion 183
14.1.4 Positioning 183
14.1.5 FOS Protection and Functionality 183
14.1.6 Metrologic Issues 184
14.1.7 Disposable Format and Sterilization 184
14.2 FOS Catheterizations 185
Contents ix
14.2.1 Urologic Pressure and Multipressure Catheter 185
14.2.2 Fiber-Optic Manometer 186
14.2.3 Force-Sensing Device for Epidural Anesthesia 186
14.2.4 Cranial Intraventricular Catheter 187
14.2.5 Needle Thermotherapy Probe 187
14.2.6 Fiber-Optic Guidewire 188
14.2.7 Biosensor Catheterization 188
14.3 Perspectives 189
References 189
CHAPTER 15
Cardiovascular Sensors 191
15.1 Pressure Measurement 191
15.2 Blood Pressure Measurement 192
15.3 Fractional Flow Reserve 194
15.4 Heart-Assistive Devices 196
15.5 Blood Temperature Sensor 198
15.6 Conclusions 199
References 199
CHAPTER 16
Diagnostics in Gastroscopy, Urology, and Neurology 201
16.1 Gastroscopy 201
16.1.1 Sensing Element 202
16.1.2 Esophageal Detection 203
16.1.3 Colonic Analysis 204
16.1.4 Dual Sensing 204
16.1.5 Present and Future Perspectives 204
16.2 Urology 206
16.2.1 Urodynamics 206
16.2.2 Traditional Diagnostic 207
16.2.3 Differential Diagnostic 208
16.2.4 Current Outlook and Future Prospects 210
16.3 Neurology 210
16.4 Epidural 212
16.5 Conclusions 213
References 213
CHAPTER 17
Sensing in Thermal Ablation 215
17.1 Thermal Ablation: Procedures and Rationale 215
17.1.1 Radio Frequency Ablation 216
17.1.2 Microwave Ablation 217
17.1.3 Laser Ablation 217
17.1.4 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound 217