Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication

225 Pages·2020·4.273 MB·English

by  Nathan Blaunstein, Shlomo Engelberg, Evgenii Krouk, Mikhail Sergeev

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FiberOpticandAtmosphericOpticalCommunication
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Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical
Communication
NathanBlaunstein
BenGurionUniversityoftheNegev
Beersheeba,IL
ShlomoEngelberg
JerusalemCollegeofTechnology
Jerusalem,IL
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EvgeniiKrouk
NationalResearchUniversityHigherSchoolofEconomics
Moscow,RS
MikhailSergeev
StateUniversityofAerospaceInstrumentation
SaintPetersburg,RS
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2020
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataappliedfor
ISBN:9781119601999
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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v
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Abbreviations xvii
Nomenclature xix
PartI OpticalCommunicationLinkFundamentals 1
(cid:2) 1 BasicElementsofOpticalCommunication 3 (cid:2)
1.1 SpectrumofOpticalWaves 3
1.2 OpticalCommunicationinHistoricalPerspective 4
1.3 OpticalCommunicationLinkPresentation 5
References 8
2 OpticalWavePropagation 11
2.1 SimilarityofOpticalandRadioWaves 11
2.2 ElectromagneticAspectsofOpticalWavePropagation 13
2.3 PropagationofOpticalWavesinFreeSpace 16
2.4 PropagationofOpticalWavesThroughtheBoundaryofTwo
Media 16
2.4.1 BoundaryConditions 16
2.4.2 MainFormulationsofReflectionandRefractionCoefficients 17
2.5 TotalIntrinsicReflectioninOptics 20
2.6 PropagationofOpticalWavesinMaterialMedia 23
2.6.1 ImperfectDielectricMedium 25
2.6.2 GoodConductorMedium 25
Problems 25
References 28
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vi Contents
PartII FundamentalsofOpticalCommunication 29
3 TypesofSignalsinOpticalCommunicationChannels 31
3.1 TypesofOpticalSignals 31
3.1.1 NarrowbandOpticalSignals 31
3.1.2 WidebandOpticalSignals 34
3.2 MathematicalDescriptionofNarrowbandSignals 35
3.3 MathematicalDescriptionofWidebandSignals 39
References 41
4 AnIntroductiontothePrinciplesofCodingandDecodingof
DiscreteSignals 43
4.1 BasicConceptsofCodingandDecoding 43
4.1.1 GeneralCommunicationScheme 43
4.1.2 TheBinarySymmetricChannel(BSC) 45
4.1.3 ChannelModelwithAWGN 46
4.2 BasicAspectsofCodingandDecoding 47
4.2.1 CriteriaofCoding 47
4.2.2 CodeParametersforErrorCorrection 50
4.2.3 LinearCodes 51
4.2.4 EstimationofErrorProbabilityofDecoding 54
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4.3 CodeswithAlgebraicDecoding 56
4.3.1 CyclicCodes 56
4.3.2 BCHCodes 57
4.3.3 Reed–SolomonCodes 59
4.4 DecodingofCyclicCodes 60
References 63
5 CodinginOpticalCommunicationChannels 67
5.1 PeculiaritiesofCyclicCodesinCommunicationSystems 67
5.2 CodeswithLowDensityofParityChecks 68
5.2.1 BasicDefinitions 68
5.2.2 DecodingofLDPCCodes 72
5.2.3 ConstructionofIrregularLDPCCodes 73
5.2.4 ConstructionofRegularLDPCCodes 74
5.3 MethodsofCombiningCodes 76
5.4 CodinginOpticalChannels 79
References 83
6 FadinginOpticalCommunicationChannels 87
6.1 ParametersofFadinginOpticalCommunicationChannel 87
6.1.1 TimeDispersionParameters 88
6.1.2 CoherenceBandwidth 89
6.1.3 DopplerSpreadandCoherenceTime 89
6.2 TypesofSmall-ScaleFading 91
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Contents vii
6.3 MathematicalDescriptionofFastFading 93
6.3.1 RayleighPDFandCDF 94
6.3.2 RiceanPDFandCDF 96
6.3.2.1 Gamma-GammaDistribution 99
6.4 MathematicalDescriptionofLarge-ScaleFading 100
6.4.1 GaussianPDFandCDF 101
References 102
7 ModulationofSignalsinOpticalCommunicationLinks 103
7.1 AnalogModulation 104
7.1.1 AnalogAmplitudeModulation 104
7.1.2 AnalogAngleModulation–FrequencyandPhase 106
7.1.2.1 PhaseModulation 107
7.1.3 SpectraandBandwidthofFMorPMSignals 107
7.1.4 RelationsBetweenSNRandBandwidthinAMandFMSignals 108
7.2 DigitalSignalModulation 109
7.2.1 MainCharacteristicsofDigitalModulation 110
7.2.1.1 PowerEfficiencyandBandwidthEfficiency 110
7.2.1.2 BandwidthandPowerSpectralDensityofDigitalSignals 111
7.2.2 LinearDigitalModulation 112
7.2.2.1 AmplitudeShiftKeying(ASK)Modulation 112
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7.2.2.2 BinaryPhaseShiftKeying(BPSK)Modulation 113
7.2.2.3 QuadraturePhaseShiftKeying(QPSK)Modulation 114
7.2.3 NonlinearDigitalModulation 114
7.2.3.1 FrequencyShiftKeying(FSK)Modulation 114
Problems 115
References 115
8 OpticalSourcesandDetectors 117
8.1 EmissionandAbsorptionofOpticalWaves 117
8.2 OperationalCharacteristicsofLaser 119
8.3 Light-EmittingSourcesandDetectors 122
8.3.1 Light-Emittingp–nTypeDiode 122
8.3.2 Laserp–nTypeDiode 124
8.3.3 Photodiode 125
8.3.4 PiNandp–nPhotodiodes–PrincipleofOperation 126
8.4 OperationalCharacteristicsofLightDiodes 129
References 130
PartIII WiredOpticalCommunicationLinks 133
9 LightWavesinFiberOpticGuidingStructures 135
9.1 PropagationofLightinFiberOpticStructures 135
9.1.1 TypesofOpticalFibers 135
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9.1.2 PropagationofOpticalWaveInsidetheFiberOpticStructure 137
References 139
10 DispersionPropertiesofFiberOpticStructures 141
10.1 CharacteristicParametersofFiberOpticStructures 141
10.2 DispersionofOpticalSignalinFiberOpticStructures 142
10.2.1 MaterialDispersion 142
10.2.2 ModalDispersion 143
Problems 145
References 146
PartIV WirelessOpticalChannels 147
11 AtmosphericCommunicationChannels 149
11.1 BasicCharacteristicsofAtmosphericChannel 149
11.2 EffectsofAerosolsonAtmosphericCommunicationLinks 150
11.2.1 AerosolDimensions 150
11.2.2 AerosolAltitudesLocalization 151
11.2.3 AerosolConcentration 152
11.2.4 AerosolSizeDistributionandSpectralExtinction 152
(cid:2) 11.3 EffectsofHydrometeors 154 (cid:2)
11.3.1 EffectsofFog 154
11.3.2 EffectsofRain 155
11.3.3 EffectsofClouds 157
11.3.3.1 Snow 158
11.4 EffectsofTurbulentGaseousStructuresonOpticalWaves
Propagation 158
11.4.1 TurbulencePhenomenon 158
11.4.2 ScintillationPhenomenonofOpticalWavePassingtheTurbulent
Atmosphere 161
11.4.3 ScintillationIndex 162
11.4.4 SignalIntensityScintillationsintheTurbulentAtmosphere 162
11.4.5 EffectsofAtmosphereTurbulencesonSignalFading 165
11.5 OpticalWavesPropagationCausedbyAtmosphericScattering 166
References 168
PartV DataStreamParametersinAtmosphericandFiber
OpticCommunicationLinkswithFading 173
12 TransmissionofInformationDatainOpticalChannels:
AtmosphericandFiberOptics 175
12.1 CharacteristicsofInformationSignalDatainOptical
CommunicationLinks 176
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Contents ix
12.2 BitErrorRateinOpticalCommunicationChannel 181
12.3 RelationsBetweenSignalDataParametersandFadingParametersin
AtmosphericLinks 183
12.4 EffectsofFadinginFiberOpticCommunicationLink 188
References 191
Index 195
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