Fiber Fracture

414 Pages·2002·10.869 MB·English

by  Elices M., Llorca J.

i
6‘

FIBER FRACTURE
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FIBER FRACTURE
Editors
M. Elices and J. Llorca
Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales,
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain
2002
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First edition 2002
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
EURESCO Conference on High Performance Fibers: Euroconference on Fiber Fracture
(2000 : Mallorca, Spain)
Fiber fracture. / editors, M. Elices and J. Llorca.
psm.
EURESCO Conference on High Performance Fibers: Eumonference on Fiber
Fracture held in Cala Viiias (Mallorca, Spain) during the fall of 2000.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-08-044104-1 (hbk. :a lk. paper)
1. Fibers-Congresses. 2. Fracture mechanics-Congresses. I. Elices, Manuel. 11.
Llorca, J. (Javier) 111. Title.
TA4 1 8.9F5 E87 2002
620.1‘l26--dc21
2002029479
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for.
ISBN:0 -08-044104-1
63 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSINSO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of
Paper).
Printed in The Netherlands.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This book was conceived during the EURESCO Conference on High Performance
Fibers: Euroconference on Fiber Fracture held in Cala Viiias (Mallorca, Spain) during
the fall of 2000 under the sponsorship of the European Science Foundation and of the
European Union, (through contract HPCF-CT-1999-00126) as well as of the Spanish
Ministry of Science and Technology (through grant MAT- 1999-18 22-E). The Editors
would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement of these institutions as
well as of others that made possible the Conference and the publication of this book.
Particularly we wish to acknowledge the financial support provided by the United States
Air Force Office for Scientific Research, NASA Glenn Research Center, and Dupont de
Nemours Inc. In addition, the Polytechnic University of Madrid and the University of
the Balear Islands contributed actively to the organisation of the Conference and helped
with grants for young Spanish researchers.
This book could not have published without the generous co-operation of the
distinguished scientists who, besides imparting their keynote lectures at the Conference,
agreed to write and polish the manuscripts. The untiring help of Rosa Morera and JosC
Miguel Martinez in the edition of the book is also gratefully acknowledged. Our heart
felt thanks to all of them.
MANUELE LICESa nd JAVIERL LORCA
Madrid, October 2001

PREFACE
Fibers stand among the stiffest and strongest materials either present in nature or
manufactured by man. They are used in structural components, embedded in a matrix
which maintains the fibers oriented in the optimum direction, distributes the concentrated
loads, protects the fibers against wear and chemical attack from the environment, and
provides the transverse stiffness to avoid buckling in compression. These new composite
materials are rapidly taking over from the traditional structural materials (metallic alloys
and polymers) in many industrial components, and accordingly, a new industry devoted
to the manufacture of high performance fibers has emerged. The world wide production
of high performance fibers was in excess of 2 millions tons in the year 2000, and it’s
growing rapidly as new potential uses are envisaged every day.
These novel applications often require further improvements in fiber properties and
research in this field is very active. As a result, numerous books and conference
proceedings are available on different aspects of fiber processing, properties, or
applications but none is focused on the fructure behaviour of fibers. Man-made high
performance fibers derive their outstanding properties from the strong ionic, covalent or
metallic bonds which sustain the load. As the ductility of these links is very limited,
fibers are brittle, their ultimate strength being controlled by their fracture behaviour, and
further improvements in fiber properties can bc obtaincd through a deeper knowledge of
the physical mechanisms involved in fiber fracture. In addition, it has long been known
that the excellent combination of strength and ductility exhibited by many natural
fibers comes from damage tolerance imparted by their hierarchical structure. However,
contact among the researchers working on the mechanical behaviour of natural and
synthetic fibers has been very limited so far, and this book also tries to cover this gap
by presenting the mechanisms and models of fiber fracture currently available for both
kinds of fibers. It is expected that this effort will lead to cross fertilization between the
two fields, opening new frontiers to academic research and more competitive products
for industry
Finally, a note on the text. Differences in spelling are commonplace in English books
written by scholars from different countries, and they normally pass unnoticed. This
is not the case, however, in this book where they appear in the very title. Fiber (the
american way) and fibre (the traditional British form) are both used freely throughout
the book and, although aesthetic considerations would recommend the choice of one or
the other, we have decided to keep the original spelling used by each author.