FIB 14: Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures

138 Pages·2001·3.526 MB·English

Externally bonded FRP
reinforcement for
RC structures
Technical report on the
Design and use of externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer
reinforcement (FRP EBR) for reinforced concrete structures
prepared by a working party of the
Task Group 9.3 FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymer) reinforcement for
concrete structures
July 2001
Subject to priorities defined by the Steering Committee and the Praesidium, the results of fib’s work in
Commissions and Task Groups are published in a continuously numbered series of technical publications
called 'Bulletins'. The following categories are used:
category minimum approval procedure required prior to publication
Technical Report approved by a Task Group and the Chairpersons of the Commission
State-of-Art report approved by a Commission
Manual or approved by the Steering Committee of fib or its Publication Board
Guide (to good practice)
Recommendation approved by the Council of fib
Model Code approved by the General Assembly of fib
Any publication not having met the above requirements will be clearly identified as preliminary draft.
This Bulletin N° 14 has been approved as a fib Technical Report in spring 2001 by fib Task Group 9.3 FRP
(Fibre Reinforced Polymer) reinforcement for concrete structures and the Chairman of Commission 9.
The report was drafted by the Working Party Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) of fib Task Group 9.3
FRP (FibreReinforced Polymer) reinforcement for concrete structures:
Thanasis Triantafillou1,2,4,5,9-3,6,7(Convenor, Greece), Stijn Matthys3,4,6,8-2,9(Secretary, Belgium)
Katrien Audenaert6 (Belgium), György Balázs7 (Hungary), Michael Blaschko4,9-2,3,8 (Germany),
Hendrik Blontrock9-3 (Belgium), Christoph Czaderski3,5,7 (Switzerland), Emmanuelle David7,9-4
(France), Angello Di Tomasso8 (Italy), William Duckett8 (UK), Dick Hordijk2 (The Netherlands),
Michael Leeming4-8,9 (UK), Heinz Meier2,8 (Switzerland), Giorgio Monti6-4 (Italy),Richard Moss6
(UK), Uwe Neubauer4 (Germany), Roland Niedermeier4 (Germany), Bjørn Taljsten4,5-2,3,8 (Sweden),
Gerhart Zehetmaier4 (Germany), Konrad Zilch8 (Germany)
1, 2, 3 … Chapter number for which this member was the main preparing author
1, 2, 3 … Chapter numbers for which this member provided contributions
Full affiliation details of all Task Groups members may be found in the fib Directory.
Cover picture: Applications of FRP EBR in RC structures
© fédération internationale du béton (fib), 2001
© for this non-print pdf-file version on CDs : fédération internationale du béton (fib), 2002
Although the International Federation for Structural Concrete fib - féderation internationale du béton - created
from CEB and FIP, does its best to ensure that any information given is accurate, no liability or responsibility of
any kind (including liability for negligence) is accepted in this respect by the organisation, its members, servants
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otherwise, without prior written permission.
First published 2001 by the International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib)as Bulletin 14
Post address: Case Postale 88, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Street address: Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne - EPFL, Département Génie Civil
Tel [phone], Fax [phone], E-mail [email protected], web http://fib.epfl.ch
ISSN 1562-3610
ISBN 2-88394-054-1
Printed by Sprint-Digital-Druck Stuttgart
Preface
In December 1996, the then CEB established a Task Group with the main objective to
elaborate design guidelines for the use of FRP reinforcement in accordance with the design
format of the CEB-FIP Model Code and Eurocode2. With the merger of CEB and FIP into
fib in June 1998, this Task Group became fib TG 9.3 FRP Reinforcement for concrete
structures in Commission 9 Reinforcing and Prestressing Materials and Systems. The Task
Group consists of about 60 members, representing most European universities, research
institutes and industrial companies working in the field of advanced composite reinforcement
for concrete structures, as well as corresponding members from Canada, Japan and USA.
Meetings are held twice a year and on the research level its work is supported by the EU
TMR (European Union Training and Mobility of Researchers) Network “ConFibreCrete”.
The work by fib TG 9.3 is performed by five working parties (WP):
1. Material Testing and Characterization (MT&C) Convenors: C. Burgoyne, A. Gerritse
2. Reinforced Concrete (RC) Convenors: A. Hole, K. Pilakoutas
3. Prestressed Concrete (PC) Convenor: L. Taerwe
4. Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) Convenor: T. Triantafillou
5. Marketing and Applications (M&A) Convenors: G. Pascale, A. Di Tommaso
This technical report constitutes the work conducted as of to date by the EBR party.
Membership in this sub-group has been increasing constantly over the past few years and
today reaches a number in the order of 30. The working party met typically twice a year for
one and a half day meetings. Furthermore, the internet provided an excellent communication
platform. An important step forward was the setting up of a home page, thanks to the efforts
of Stijn Matthys at Ghent University.
This bulletin gives detailed design guidelines on the use of FRP EBR, the practical
execution and the quality control, based on the current expertise and state-of-the-art
knowledge of the task group members. The bulletin is regarded as a progress report since
(cid:120) It is not the aim of this report to cover all aspects of RC strengthening with composites.
Instead, it focuses on those aspects that form the majority of the design problems.
(cid:120) Several of the topics presented are subject of ongoing research and development, and the
details of some modelling approaches may be subjected to future revisions.
(cid:120) As knowledge in this field is advancing rapidly, the work of the EBR WP will continue.
Inspite of this limit in scope, considerable effort has been made to present a bulletin that is
today’s state-of-art in the area of strengthening of concrete structures by means of externally
bonded FRP reinforcement.
All persons having participated in the preparation of this report are mentioned in the
copyright page. Further acknowledgements are due to Urs Meier (Switzerland) and
Ferdinand Rostasy (Germany) for revision of the document, and to Richard Moss (UK) for
linguistic assistance. To all members of the EBR WP my sincere thanks are expressed for the
high-quality and extensive work brought in on a voluntary basis.
Patras, March 2001 Thanasis TRIANTAFILLOU
Convenor of WP EBR
iii
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Repair, strengthening, retrofit
1.2 Externally bonded FRP reinforcement (EBR)
1.3 Applications of EBR
1.4 Content and aim of this report
2 FRP STRENGTHENING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES
2.1 Materials for FRP strengthening
2.2 FRP EBR systems
2.3 Techniques for FRP strengthening
3 BASIS OF DESIGN AND SAFETY CONCEPT
3.1 Basis of design
3.2 Safety concept
3.3 Ductility
4 FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
4.1 General
4.2 Initial situation
4.3 Failure modes – ultimate limit states
4.4 Analysis of ULS
4.5 Ductility requirements
4.6 Serviceability limit state
4.7 Summary of design procedure
4.8 Special cases
Appendix Chapter 4:
ULS verification of peeling-off at the end anchorage and at flexural cracks
4-A.1 Anchorage verification and FRP strain limitation
4-A.2 Calculation of the envelope line of tensile stresses
4-A.3 Verification of anchorage and of force transfer between frp and concrete
5 STRENGTHENING IN SHEAR AND TORSION
5.1 Strengthening in shear
5.2 Strengthening in torsion
6 CONFINEMENT
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Concrete confined by external FRP reinforcement under axial loading
6.3 Confinement of columns
6.4 Confinement in seismic regions for ductility increase
6.5 FRP as formwork and structural reinforcement
iv
7 DETAILING RULES
7.1 General
7.2 Detailing with respect to strengthening lay-out
7.3 Special anchorages
8 PRACTICAL EXECUTION AND QUALITY CONTROL
8.1 Techniques
8.2 General requirements
8.3 Practical execution
8.4 Quality control
9 SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
9.1 General
9.2 Glass transition temperature
9.3 Fire design and protection
9.4 Moisture
9.5 Freeze-thaw
9.6 UV light exposure
9.7 Alcalinity/acidity
9.8 Creep, stress rupture and stress corrosion
9.9 Fatigue
9.10 Impact
9.11 Lightning, galvanic corrosion
References
Symbols
v
Glossary
Adherent – A body held to another body by an adhesive.
Adhesive – Substance applied to mating surfaces to bond them together by bonding. An
adhesive can be in liquid, film or paste form.
AFRP – Aramid Fibre Reinforced Polymer.
AR-Glass – Stands for “alkali-resistant glass” and refers to zirconia glass.
Aramid – High-strength, high-stiffness aromatic polyamide fibres.
Bi-directional – A strip or fabric with fibres oriented in two directions in the same plane.
Binder – A component of an adhesive that is primarily responsible for the adhesive forces
that hold two bodies together.
Bond – See adhesive.
Buckling – A failure mode usually characterised by fibre deflection rather than breaking
because of compressive action.
Carbon Fibre – Fibre produced by high temperature treatment of an organic precursor fibre
based on PAN (polyacrylonitrile) rayon or pitch in an inert atmosphere at temperatures above
980°C. Fibres can be graphitised by removing still more of the non-carbon atoms by heat
treating above 1650°C.
CFRP - Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer.
Cure – To change the molecular structure and physical properties of a thermosetting resin by
chemical reaction via heat and catalysts or in combination, with or without pressure.
Debonding – Local failure in the bond zone between concrete and the externally bonded
reinforcement.
Delamination – Separation of layers in a laminate because of the failure of the adhesive,
either in the adhesive itself or at the interface between the adhesive and the adherent.
E-Glass – Stands for “electrical glass” and refers to alumino-borosilicate glass most often
used in conventional polymer matrix composites.
Epoxide – Compound containing a three-member ring consisting of two carbon atoms and
one oxygen atom.
Epoxy Resin – A polymer resin characterised by epoxide molecule groups.
Fabric, Non-woven – A material formed from fibres or yarns without interlacing.
Fabric, Woven – A material constructed of interlaced yarns, fibres or filaments.
Fibre – A general term used to refer to filamentary materials. Fibre is often used
synonymously with filament.
Filaments – Individual fibres of indefinite length used in tows, yarns or rovings.
Filler – A relatively non-adhesive substance added to an adhesive to improve its working
properties, permanence, strength or other qualities.
FRP - Fibre Reinforced Polymer.
GFRP - Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer.
vi
Glass Fibre – Reinforcing fibre made by drawing molten glass through brushings. The
predominant reinforcement for polymer matrix composites. Known for its good strength,
processability and low cost.
Glass Transition Temperature (T ) – Approximate temperature above which increased
g
molecular mobility causes a material to become rubbery rather than brittle. The measured
value of T can vary, depending on the test method.
g
Glue – See adhesive.
Hand Lay-up – A fabrication method in which reinforcement layers are placed in a mould or
on a structure by hand, then cured to the formed shape.
Hardener – Substance that reacts with the resin to promote or control curing action by taking
part in it. Also a substance added to control the degree of hardness of the resin.
Impregnate – To saturate the voids of a reinforcement with a resin manually or with a
machine.
Interlaminar shear – shear force acting at the interface between adjacent layers (laminae) of
a laminate.
Laminate – To unite layers of material with an adhesive. Also, a product made by bonding
together two or more layers of materials.
Lay-up – Placement of layers of reinforcement in a mould.
Matrix – Binder material in which reinforcing fibre is embedded. Usually a polymer but may
also be metal or a ceramic.
Open time – The time interval between the spreading of the adhesive on the adherent and the
completion of the assembly of the parts for bonding.
PAN (polyacrylonitrile) – Used as a base material or precursor in the manufacture of certain
carbon fibres.
Pitch – A high molecular weight material that is a residue from the destructive distillation of
coal and petroleum products. Pitches are used as base materials for the manufacture of certain
high-modulus carbon fibres.
Polyester – Unsaturated polyesters are manufactured by reacting glycols with either dibasic
acids or anhydrides. Polyesters are normally cured at room temperature with a monomer such
as styrene.
Polymer – Large molecule formed by combining many smaller molecules or monomers in a
regular pattern.
Polymerisation – Chemical reaction that links monomers together to form polymers.
Post-cure – An additional elevated temperature exposure to improve mechanical properties.
Pot life – Length of time in which a catalysed thermosetting resin retains sufficiently low
viscosity for processing.
Prepreg – Resin-impregnated fabric or filaments in flat form that can be stored at very low
temperature for later use in moulds or hand lay-up. The resin is often partially cured to a tack-
free state.
Primer – A coating applied to a surface prior to the application of an adhesive to improve the
performance of the bond. The coating can be a low viscosity fluid that is typically a 10%
solution of the adhesive in an organic solvent, which can wet out the adherent surface to leave
a coating over which the adhesive can readily flow.
vii
Pultrusion – An automated, continuous process for manufacturing composite rods and
structural shapes having a constant cross section. Roving and/or tows are saturated with resin
and continuously pulled through a heated die, where the part is formed and cured. The cured
part is then cut to length. For some applications fabrics can be included into the profiles.
Putty – repair mortar.
Reinforcement – Key element added to matrix to provide the required properties. Ranges
from short and continuous fibres through complex textile forms.
Resin – Polymer with indefinite and often high molecular weight and a softening or melting
range that exhibits a tendency to flow when subjected to stress. As composite matrices, resins
bind together reinforcement fibres.
Roving – A collection of bundles of continuous filaments either as untwisted strands or as
twisted yarns.
Sheet – See fabric, non-woven.
Shelf Life – Length of time in which a material can be stored and continue to meet the
specifications requirements, remaining suitable for its intended use.
Stress Corrosion – Corrosion due to the effect of a corrosive environment, which is activated
in the presence of stress.
Stress Rupture – The reduction of tensile strength due to sustained loading.
Strip – Pre-manufactured forms made of fibres and resin. Strips are normally pultruded.
Thermoplastic – A composite matrix capable of being repeatedly softened by an increase of
temperature and hardened by cooling.
Thermoset – Composite matrix cured by heat and pressure or with a catalyst into an infusible
and insoluble material. Once cured a thermoset cannot be returned to the uncured state.
Thixotropy – A property of adhesive systems to thin upon isothermal agitation and to thicken
upon subsequent rest. Thixotropic materials have a high static shear strength and low
dynamic shear strength at the same time. They lose their viscosity under stress.
Tow – An untwisted bundle of continuous filaments, usually designated by a number
followed by K, indicating multiplication by 1000. For example, 12 K tow has 12 000
filaments.
Unidirectional – A strip or fabric with all fibres oriented in the same direction.
Vinyl ester – A class of thermosetting resins containing esters of acrylic and/or methacrylic
acids, many of which have been made from epoxy resin. Cure is accomplished, as with
unsaturated polyesters, by co-polymerisation with other vinyl monomers, such as styrene.
Viscosity – Tendency of a material to resist flow. As temperature increases, the viscosity of
most materials decreases.
Warp – Yarns running lengthwise and perpendicular to the narrow edge of woven fabric.
Weft – Yarns running perpendicular to the warp in a woven fabric.
Wet Lay-up – Fabrication step involving application of a resin to dry reinforcement.
Yarn – Continuously twisted fibres or strands that are suitable for weaving into fabrics.
viii
1 Introduction
1.1 Repair, strengthening, retrofit
The issue of upgrading the existing civil engineering infrastructure has been one of great
importance for over a decade. Deterioration of bridge decks, beams, girders and columns,
buildings, parking structures and others may be attributed to ageing, environmentally induced
degradation, poor initial design and/or construction, lack of maintenance, and to accidental
events such as earthquakes. The infrastructure’s increasing decay is frequently combined
with the need for upgrading so that structures can meet more stringent design requirements
(e.g. increased traffic volumes in bridges exceeding the initial design loads), and hence the
aspect of civil engineering infrastructure renewal has received considerable attention over the
past few years throughout the world. At the same time, seismic retrofit has become at least
equally important, especially in areas of high seismic risk.
1.2 Externally bonded FRP reinforcement (EBR)
Recent developments related to materials, methods and techniques for structural
strengthening have been enormous. One of today’s state-of-the-art techniques is the use of
fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, which are currently viewed by structural
engineers as “new” and highly promising materials in the construction industry. Composite
materials for strengthening of civil engineering structures are available today mainly in the
form of:
(cid:120) thin unidirectional strips (with thickness in the order of 1 mm) made by pultrusion
(cid:120) flexible sheets or fabrics, made of fibres in one or at least two different directions,
respectively (and sometimes pre-impregnated with resin)
For comparison with steel, typical stress-strain diagrams for unidirectional composites under
short-term monotonic loading are given in Fig. 1-1.
(cid:86) (GPa)
6
GFRP
CFRP
4 AFRP
2
Mild steel
0.02 0.04 (cid:72)
Fig. 1-1: Uniaxial tension stress-strain diagrams for different unidirectional FRPs and steel. CFRP = carbon
FRP, AFRP = aramid FRP, GFRP = glass FRP.
1