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Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1100-1291 PDF

309 Pages·1932·92.739 MB·English
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MONOGRAPHS OF THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA No. 4 ACADEMY PUBLICATIONS No. 1, A Concordance of Boethius, by Lane Cooper No. 2, A Concordance to the Historia Ecdesiastica of Bede, by P. F. Jones No. 3, A Survey ofthe Manuscripts of Tours, by E. K. Rand, two volumes, text and plates No. 4, Lupus ofFerrieres as Scribe and Text Critic, by C. H. Beeson, with a fascimile of MS. Harley 2736 No. 5, Genoese Shipping in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Cen turies, by E. H. Byrne, (Monograph No. 1) No. 6, Greek and Syrian Miniatures in Jerusalem, by W. H. P. Hatch, with reproductions No. 7, HarunU'l-Rashld and Charles the Great, by F. W. Buckler, (Monograph No. 2) No. 8, Alien Merchants in England, 1350 to 1377, by Alice Beardwood (Monograph No. 3) No. 9, A Concordance of Prudentius, by R. J. Deferrari and J. M. Campbell No. 10, The Script of Cologne from Hildebald to Hermann, by L. W. Jones, text and plates No. 11, Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom ofJerusalem, 1100-1291, by J. L. La Monte (Monograph No. 4) No. 12, Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog, and the Indosed Nations, by A. R. Anderson (Monograph No. 5) The publication of this book was made pos sible by a fund granted the Academy by the Carnegie Corporation of New York Copyright, 1932 BY THE MEDIAEVAL ACADEMY OF AMERICA Printed in U.S.A. PRINTED BT THE WATEBLT PRESS,INC BALTIUORE, 1UBTLAND ^^i Lb" DEDICATED TO CHARLES L. LA MONTE MY FATHER CHARLES H. HASKINS MY MASTER PREFACE Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, as a typical feudal state, has THE long been studied by scholars inteJrested in feudal institutions, who have discerned in the Assises de erusalem as clear a picture of the workings of feudal government as it is possible to find any where. Even though the kingdom of Jerusalem has never enjoyed the vogue accorded the crusades themselves, it has not been without its historians from the time of William of Tyre to the present. Stu dents of legal history have explored the Assises, economic historians have studied the trade relations of the western commercial cities with theports of the Latin states, and the general history of the cru sading principalities, especially with emphasis on their relations with their Moslem neighbors, has been written. The Geschichte des Konigreichs Jerusalem of Reinhold Rbhricht stands out as the monu mental study of the crusading states and provides an invaluable basis on which any more specialized treatises may be reared. The renaissance of crusading studies which is connected with the names of Von Seybel, Rohricht, and Hagenmeyer in Germany, Riant, Mas Latrie, Rey, and Delaville LeRoulx in France, Stevenson and Kings- ford in England, and Munro in America, has made the crusades and the Latin states comparatively familiar fields of mediaeval history. None the less the only study hitherto made on the in stitutions of the kingdom of Jerusalem, that of Gaston Dodu, Histoire des Institutions Monarchiques dans le Royaume Latin de Jerusalem (Paris; Hachette, 1894), was written before much of the best work had been done and suffered from the consequent draw backs. Dodu was particularly unfortunate in having written before Rohricht's Regesta Regni Hierusalimitani had appeared, the indispensible guide to the documentary sources of the kingdom. Dodu bases his view of the monarchical institutions of Jerusalem upon the Assises and upon the chroniclers, especially William of Tyre, making but slight use of the documentary materials. In I the present reconsideration of the institutions of Jerusalem have relied essentially upon documents, which afforded materials in some vii viii Feudal Monarchy in Jerusalem, 1100-1291 I cases confirming, in others, think, disproving the conclusions reached by Dodu. Further, this study differs essentially from that of Dodu in the materials selected to illustrate the Assises. In searching for his torical data to confirm the provisions of the Assises, Dodu drew most of his illustrations from the history of William of Tyre, which chronicles the Outremer States from their founding to 1184, and from the other chroniclers of the first crusade. Grandclaude, however, has conclusively established that the oldest of the books which make up the Assises dates from the last decade of the twelfth cen tury or the first of the thirteenth, and that the institutions which are reflected in the majority of the books of the Assises are not those of the early kingdom of Jerusalem but those of the so-called 'second kingdom' of the thirteenth century. Thus the historical facts which really illustrate the statements of the Assises must be drawn not, as Dodu did, from the twelfth century historians, but from the (cid:2802) chroniclers of the thirteenth century, from the Gestes des Chiprois, and the continuators of William of Tyre. To cite but a single ex ample of the distorted perspective which Dodu gives, the account of the relations of the kings with the patriarchs given in the Institutions Monarchiques is the story of the rivalry and hostility which marked I II the first decades of the kingdom, the struggles of Baldwin and with the patriarchs Daimbert, Evremar, Arnulf, and Stephen; Dodu takes no account of the friendly and peaceful relations which prevailed throughout thelater years of the kingdom. This volume seeks to study as a whole the monarchical institutions of the kingdom of Jerusalem. The first section of the work is de voted to a study of the chief constitutional developments within the kingdom, traced chronologically. The history of the kingdom is (cid:2802) divided arbitrarily into three periods: the first kingdom from 1100 to 1174; the years of transition from 1174 to 1210; and the second kingdom from 1210 to 1291. In the first two periods the historical background for the Assises is sketched ; the third shows how the laws were applied to the actual constitutional history of the state. Fol lowing this historical section come, in the second division of the book, chapters devoted to certain of the more important aspects of the administration: (cid:2802)the courts, high and low; the chancery and the grand officers; the military establishment; and the administration of ix Preface finance. The third section of the book shows the relations of the (cid:2802) Jerusalemite monarchs to some of their contemporaries: their vassals, the counts of Tripoli and Edessa, and the princes ofAntioch; their overlord, the Pope; the patriarchs; the Orders of the Hos pitallers, Templars, and Teutonic Knights; and the Italian and Provengal communes which established colonies in the ports of Outremer and played such important roles in the political and eco nomic life of the crusading principalities. In each case we have sought to show whether thegroup or institution under consideration helped or hindered the monarchy, and to emphasize the significance of the relationship to the kingdom of Jerusalem. The author hopes that in the section devoted to the institution he has brought to light some new facts concerning the administration of the kingdom, but the real purpose of the work is not so much to bring out facts hitherto unknown as to focus into a single study the various phases of the institutional development and organization of the kingdom. Much of the material covered in this volume is not new, but it is so scattered that a single treatise which aims to cover the entire field should not be out of place. The scope of the work has been strictly limited. The kingship is the center around which the work was built. The relations with the Arab states, the social organization of the Frankish and native populations, and the intellectual history of the crusading states havebeen purposely omitted. The present volumedoes not approxi mate the scope of Prutz's Kulturgeschichte der Kreuzzuge; social history will have to be sought in Rey's Colonies Franques, commer cial history in Heyd's Histoire du Commerce du Levant, the wars and campaigns against the Saracens in Rohricht's Geschichte. While all of these subjects are of vital importance to a rounded view of Out remer civilization, they do not belong in a study which is confessedly constitutional and institutional. Not even all the institutions have been discussed; private law has been slighted save as it affected pub lic, the ecclesiastical hierarchy and organization has been con sidered only as it was related to the monarchy; the institutions of the kingdom of Cyprus have been reserved for treatment in a sep arate volume. The name, 'Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem,' as used in the title refers to all the states whichwere underthe overlordship of the king of Jeru x Feudal Monarchy in Jerusalem, 1100-1291 salem. There is some confusion inevitably in the use of a title which may refer to two distinct things: the kingdom of Jerusalem in its larger sense is that referred to above, but in a lesser sense the king dom of Jerusalem may refer only to the royal domain lands, ex cluding the counties of Edessa and Tripoli and the principality of I Antioch. To avoid this confusion have made use of the terms Outremer and principality of Jerusalem. But as Outremer properly includes the kingdom of Cyprus as well as Jerusalem, the use of this term has been limited. Unfortunately there is no convenient differ entiating term for Jerusalem like the He de France for the French royal domain exclusive of the feudal dependencies of the French I crown. For this reason have fallen back on the use of the term principality where the sense might have been confused by the use of the more technically correct title of kingdom. In the matter of the spelling of proper names, as there is no ac cepted rule for the standardization of medieval names, an arbi trary method has been followed throughout this work, names having a clear English equivalent have been given the English form (John, Ralph, Walter, William, instead of Jean, Johannes, Raoul, Gautier, Guilelmus, etc.) ; names which do not have ordinary English equivalents have been kept in the French form (Amaury, Foulque, Renaud) . The use of de or of before the last name has been gov erned by attempting to use de where it is a family name (dTbelin, de Lusignan, de Gibelet), and of where the name is that of a place of which the individual was lord (of Beirut, of Jaffa, etc.); thus John dTbelin of Beirut, Hugh de Puiset of Jaffa. In a few cases, men well known under the modern vernacular form of their name have been allowed to appear under that form,(cid:2802)Jacques de Vitry, Dominico Michieli, Benedetta Zaccaria. Oriental names have followed accepted English transliterations,(cid:2802)though Colonel Law rence's attitude has more than once commended itself throughout the process of standardizing proper names. In references in the notes to the works of writers where the name of the author is given as an abbreviation for the title of the work, the original spelling has been preserved, as Jacques dTbelin, which is merely a shortening of the title Le Livre de Jacques d'Ibelin. William of Tyre, Albert of Aix, and a few others are, however, so well known under the English forms of their names that these have been followed. Preface xi This volume is based upon a dissertation presented at Harvard University in 1928. Since then, further study, the opportunity for which was most generously made possible by the Social Science Re search Council, which gave the author a travelling fellowship to visit the Near East and to spend a year in collecting materials for his projected history of Cyprus under the Lusignans, and the criti cism kindly given by several scholars have led to a total revision of the original thesis. Only a few sections bear any marked resem blance to the manuscript in the Harvard University Library; one chapter of the original was published separately in the Haskins Anniversary Essays, others have been thrown out, several new ones added, and the whole has been broadened and completely rewritten. In acknowledging the assistance and encouragement which I have received, thanks are due first of all to Professor Charles Homer Has kins, under whose guidance and direction the subject was originally approached, and who has followed the work with that unfailing in terest which all who were privileged to work under him know so well and appreciate so deeply. Professor Robert P. Blake has been no less kind in encouraging the author at all stages of his work, in reading the manuscript, offering suggestions, and finally subjecting the completed work to an exhaustive editorial criticism. Among other scholars who have read some or all of the book and who have materially assisted the author with advice, for which thanks are rendered, may be mentioned: Professor Charles H. Mcllwain and Dr Gaines Post of Harvard University; Professor Dana C. Munro of Princeton; Professor Max Handman of Michigan; Professors August C. Krey and Herbert Heaton of the University of Minne sota; and last but not least Professor Edgar H. McNeal of the Ohio State University, who first taught the author to love the Middle I Ages and to seek therein his life work and enjoyment. wish also to proffer my thanks to the Mediaeval Academy and Mr John Mar shall, who have made possible andpleasurable the publication of the work. Lastly, for many hours of labor spent in correcting the man uscript, reading proof, and compiling the index, as well as for her I lively interest and unfailing encouragement, wish to express my appreciation to Katherine R. La Monte, my wife. John L. La Monte. Cincinnati, Ohio. CONTENTS List of Abbreviations xv Introduction xix BOOK I The Constitutional Development of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1 1. The First Kingdom, 1099-1174 3 2. War and Reconstruction: the Years of Transition, 1174-1210 26 3. The Second Kingdom, 1210-1291 49 II BOOK The Administrative Machinery of the Latin Kingdom . 85 4. The Haute Cour 87 5. The Lesser Courts 105 6. The Grand Officers and the Chancery 114 7. The Military Establishment, Knight Service and Feudal Tenure 138 8. The Administration of Finance 166 III BOOK Some Political Relationships of the Kings of Jeru salem 185 9. Relations of the Kings of Jerusalem with the Princes of Antioch and the Counts of Tripoli and Edessa . 187 10. Relations of the Kings of Jerusalem with the Church. 203 11. Relations of the Kings of Jerusalem with the Religio- Military Orders 217 .... 12. Relations of the Kings of Jerusalem with the Italian and Provencal Commercial Communes 226 Conclusion 243 xiii

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