Fertility and cytogenetics of Vaccinium darrowi Camp x V. arboreum Marsh F-1 hybrids and their open-pollinated derivatives

89 Pages·2001·3.6 MB·English

by  San Martin, Jose P., 1960-

FERTILITYANDCYTOGENETICSOF
VacciniumdarrowiCAMPxV.arboreumMARSHF-lHYBRIDS
ANDTHEIROPEN-POLLINATEDDERIVATIVES
By
JOSEP.SANMARTIN
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2001
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
IexpressmydeepappreciationtoDr.PaulM.Lyreneforhispatience,continuous
supportandguidance.Iwouldliketothankmycommitteemembers,Drs.MarkJ.
Bassett,KennethH.Quesenberry,WayneB.ShermanandJeffreyG.Williamson,for
theirvaluableadvice.
IexpressmygratitudetoDr.PaulL.Pfahler,Dr.MichaelE.Kane,Dr.Andrawus
I.Khuri,Dr.TimothyL.White,Dr.DavidS.Wofford,andDavidE.Nordenfortheir
helpinmypursuitofmydegree.IthankRogerioandCeciliaRitzinger,andWilliam
Kazocasfortheirsupportandcompanionship.1thankKendaWoodburnandGilberto
Lunardifortheirhelpandfriendship.
IalsothanktheInstitutodeInvestigacionesAgropecuariasofChileforits
financialsupportandhelp.Also,Iowedeepgratitudetothefollowingpersonsthat
believeandencouragedme:OscarRamirez,JorgeValenzuela,CarlosMunoz,Manuel
Pinto,AntonioHargreaves,ReneBernier,JulioKalazichandSergioBonilla.
Lastly,IexpressmydeepestappreciationtoCecilia,FernandaandJosefortheir
lovingunderstanding,supportandencouragement.
11
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ii
ABSTRACT v
CHAPTERS
1 INTRODUCTION 1
4 ResearchObjectives 2
2 REVIEWOFLITERATURE 4
VacciniumarboreumMARSH 4
UsefulBreedingFeatures 4
IntersectionalCrosses 5
VacciniumarboreumBreeding 8
VacciniumGenomeCharacteristics 8
Unreduced-GameteProduction 11
3 FEVR,TIdaLrIrTowYiOxFV*V,ardbarorroewuimxOVP,EaNr-bPoOreLuLmIHNAYTBERDIDDSER(FI-V1A)TAINVDES(MIK) 13
Introduction 13
MaterialandMethods 14
StatisticalAnalysis 18
ResultsandDiscussion 18
F-lHybridPopulation 18
F-lOpenPollinatedDerivativePopulation(MIK) 34
CONTROLLEDCROSSESINVOLVINGF-lHYBRIDS,MIK
DERIVATIVES,V.corymbosumANDV\ashei. 41
Introduction 41
MaterialandMethods 42
StatisticalAnalysis 45
ResultsandDiscussion 46
HighbushxF-lWdarrowi-V.arboreumCrosses 46
RabbiteyexF-lVIdarrowi-V.arboreum Crosses 48
iii
HighbushxMIKCrosses 48
5 CYTOGENETICSOFTHEV,darrowixV,arboreumF-1HYBRIDS
ANDTHEIROPEN-POLLINATEDDERIVATIVES(MIK) 52
Introduction 52
MaterialandMethods 53
ResultsandDiscussion 55
CytogeneticsofV.darrowiandV.arboreum 55
CytogeneticsoftheF-lV.darrowixV^arboreumHybrids 57
CytogeneticsoftheF-lV,darrowixV.arboreumOpen-Pollinated
Derivatives(MIK) 64
6 CONCLUSIONS 74
REFERENCES 77
BIBLIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 81
IV
AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool
oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe
RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy
FERTILITYANDCYTOGENETICSOF
VacciniumdarrowiCAMPxV,arboreumMARSHF-lHYBRIDS
ANDTHEIROPEN-POLLINATEDDERIVATIVES
By
JoseSanMartin
May,2001
Chair: Dr.PaulM. Lyrene
MajorDepartment:HorticulturalScience
Fertility,unreducedgameteproduction,cytogenetics,andabilitytocrosswith
tetraploid(2n=4x=48)V.corvmbosumL.werestudiedintwotaxa:(1)diploid
intersectionalF-lhybridsbetweenV.darrowiCamp(2n=2x=24,sectionCvanococcus)
and V,arboreumMarsh(2n=2x=24,sectionBatodendron)and (2)seedlings,termed
MotherisKnown(MIK),obtainedbyopenpollinatingtheF-l’sinafieldwherepollen
fromsectionCvanococcusspeciesV.corvmbosum(4x)andV.asheiReade(6x)were
available.FemaleandmalefertilitywasverylowinthediploidF-lhybrids,butwere
muchhigher(althoughvariable)intheMIKs.Cytogeneticanalysisshowedlowlevelsof
chromosomepairingatmetaphaseIintheF-lhybridsandintheleast-fertileMIKs,
whichledtolaggingchromosomesatanaphaseIandanaphaseIIandaneuploidgametes
attelophaseII.InthemostfertileMIKs,mostpairingatmetaphaseIwasbivalentand
mostdisjunctionatanaphaseIandanaphaseIIwasnormal.Themorefrequentbivalent
v
pairingintheMIKscomparedtotheF-lhybridswasprobablyduetothefactthatmostof
theMIKchromosomeswerederivedfromsectionCvanococcusandfewerfromV.
arboreum.AboutonequarteroftheF-lhybridpopulationproducedsomeunreduced
gametes,anabilitypossiblyderivedfromtheirV,darrowiparent.Unreducedgametes
allowedtheF-ldiploidhybridstoproducetetraploidhybridswhenpollinatedwithpollen
from corvmbosum.andatleastonepentaploidhybridwasproduced,apparentlyfrom
pollinationofthediploidF-lhybridsbyhexaploid ashei.Thehighfrequencyof
univalentsinmostofthediploidintersectionalhybridsindicatesthatV.darrowiandV.
arboreumhavedivergedgenetically.However,theirhybridscanbeusedasabridgeto
obtaintetraploidhybridswithV.corvmbosuminwhichfertilityismediumtohighand
arboreumgenesandcharacteristicsarepresent.
vi
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
ThegenusVacciniumL.isessentiallyworldwideindistribution,withthegreatest
concentrationofspeciesinthetropicalmountains(VanderKloet,1983).Thegenusis
alsowellrepresentedintemperateNorthAmerica,wherespeciesbelongingtoten
differentsectionsoccur.Worldwide,threeVacciniumsectionscontainimportantcrops:
sectionCvanococcus(blueberryinthenarrowsense),sectionOxvcoccus(cranberry)and
sectionVitis-idaea(lingonberry). Germplasmusefulinbreedingblueberriesincludes
cultivatedandnon-cultivatedspecieswithinsectionCvanococcusandseveralspeciesof
VacciniumfromsectionsotherthanCvanococcus.Thecultivatedblueberriesconsistof
threespeciesinVacciniumsectionCvanococcus.Inadditiontotwocultivatedtetraploid
(2n=4x=48)species(V.corvmbosumandV.angustifoliumAit.)andonehexaploid
(2n=6x=72)cultivatedspecies(V.asheiReade),sectionCvanococcuscontainsseveral
diploid,tetraploidandhexaploidspeciesthathaveneverbeendomesticated.Onewild
diploid(2n=2x=24)species,]Vdarrowi.whoserangeliesalmostentirelywithinFlorida,
hasbeencrossedwithV,corvmbosumtoproducetheso-called“southernhighbush”
cultivars(Lyrene,personalcommunication).
SeveralattemptshavebeensuccessfulinproducingviableintersectionalF-l
hybridsinVaccinium.However,mostofthesehybridshavebeensterile. Theeaseof
combiningdesirabletraitsfromspeciesindifferentsectionsofagenusdependsinparton
howsimilarthegenomesofthespeciesare.
1
2
VacciniumarboreumMarsh,adiploid(2n=2x=24)speciesinsection
Batodendron.ispotentiallyusefulinbreedingnewhighbushblueberrycultivars.V.
arboreumtraitsthatwouldbedesirableincultivatedblueberryincludeerectgrowthhabit,
droughtresistance,uplandadaptation,calcareoussoiltolerance,latefloweringanda
flowerthatislessdependentonsonicatingbeesforpollination(BrooksandLyrene,
1995a).In1981,experimentswereinitiatedintheHorticulturalScienceDepartmentat
theUniversityofFloridatotestthepossibilityofusingV.arboreuminbreedinghighbush
blueberrycultivarstoleranttowarmsoilslowinorganicmatter.UsingV.darrowiasa
geneticbridge,itwaspossibletoobtainviablediploidV.darrowixV.arboreumhybrids
(F-l)andtetraploidderivatives,termedMIKs (MotherIsKnown),fromopenpollination
oftheF-lhybrids(BrooksandLyrene,1995b).
TheeaseofintrogressionofdesirabletraitsfromV.arboreumintocultivated
blueberryisgreatlyinfluencedbythedegreeofgeneticaffinityamongthegenomesofthe
speciesinvolved.Thus,thisstudywasundertaken,whosegeneralobjectivewastogather
informationaboutthecytogeneticsandchromosomebehavioroftheseintersectional
hybridsandtheirderivativesandtodeterminetheirpossibleusefulnessinblueberry
breeding.
Researchobjectives
Thefirstgoalofthisstudywastoevaluatemaleandfemalefertilityintwo
populationsinwhichmeiosiswastobestudied:theF-l V.darrowixV.arboreum
hybridsandtheiropenpollinatedderivatives(MIKs).Asearchwascarriedoutto
determineiftheabilityofMdarrowitoproduce2n-gameteswastransmittedtosomeof
M
theF-lprogenyfromV.darrowix arboreumcrosses.
3
AsecondobjectiveofthisstudywastoanalyzemeiosisinV.darrowixV.
arboreumhybridsandtheiropen-pollinatedderivatives(MIKs)todeterminewhether
therewereabnormalitiesduringmeiosisthatmightreducefertilityandaffecttheir
usefulnessasbreedinglines.
Athirdobjectivewastodetermineiffertilehybridscouldbeobtainedbyhand
pollinatingV.darrowixV.arboreumF-lhybridswithpollenfromM corvmbosumorV.
ashei.Inthefirstpartofthestudy,someoftheF-lV.darrowixV,arboreumhybrids
producedwhatappearedtobeunreduced(2x)ordoublyunreduced(4x)gametes.
Pollinationsweremadetodetermineifthefrequencyandtypeofunreducedgametes
producedbyanF-lplantwerecorrelatedwiththeresultsofcrossingthatplantwithV,
asheiorV,corvmbosum.
AfourthobjectivewastocomparethefertilityofMcorvmbosumxV,
corvmbosumcrosseswiththefertilityofV,corvmbosumxMIK[(V,darrowixV
arboreum)openpollinated]crossestoseeifMIKsselectedforhighfertilitywereasmale
fertileasV.corvmbosumcultivarswhencrossedwithV.corvmbosum.Highfertilityin
MIKswouldindicatethepossibilityofobtainingcompletely-fertilehighbushblueberry
plantscontaininggenesfromV.arboreum.
CHAPTER2
REVIEWOFLITERATURE
VacciniumarboreumMARSH
VacciniumarboreumMarsh[sectionBatodendron(Nutt.)Klotztch],commonly
calledsparkleberry,farkleberry,treehuckleberryorwinterhuckleberry,isashrubor
smalltreewithwidedistributioninthesoutheasternandmideastemUnitedStates.Inthe
wild,sparkleberryoccursinsandyorrocky,usuallydrywoodlandsofthecoastalplain
andpiedmontfromsouthernVirginiatoGeorgiaandFlorida,throughtheGulfstates,and
fromsouthernIllinoisandMissourithrougheasternTexas.Inthesouth,thesparkleberry
isoftenupto5meterstallwithacrookedtrunk,occasionally20to25cmindiameter,
andhasslender,moreorlesscontortedbrancheswhichformanirregularroundhead.In
thenorth,itisashrubwithmanydivergentstems.Thebarkisreddish,theflowersare
white(floweringMarchtoApril,rarelyinFebruaryandJuly)andthehard,blackberries,
producedinabundanceinlatesummer(fruitingAugusttoOctober),areediblebutnot
verypalatable(Camp,1945;Allgood,1970;andWard,1974).
UsefulBreedingFeatures
Vacciniumarboreumisadrought-resistantspeciesusuallyfoundindrywoods,
thicketsandclearings.LikemostEricaceousspeciesitismostabundantonacidicsoils,
butittolerateshigherpHsoilsthanmostspeciesinthefamily.
4