Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents. Clinical Medicine and Surgery PDF
Preview Ferrets, Rabbits, and Rodents. Clinical Medicine and Surgery
SAUNDERS An Imprint of Elsevier 11830 Westline Industrial Drive St. Louis, Missouri 63146 FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS: CLINICAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY ISBN 0-7216-9377-6 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions”. Notice Veterinary medicine is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the licensed prescriber, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the author assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication. International Standard Book Number 0-7216-9377-6 Acquisitions Editor: Liz Fathman Developmental Editor: Jolynn Gower Publishing Services Manager: Linda McKinley Project Manager: Judy Ahlers Designer: Julia Dummitt Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 I dedicate this book with love to my husband, Robert, for his patience and support, and to my wonderful children, Zachary and Chelsea, who are the center of my world. I extend special and heartfelt thanks to my friend and colleague, Dr. Elizabeth Hillyer, who envisioned this project with me and was my co-editor on the first edition. I give a special dedication to the late Dr. Si-Kwang Liu, who was a pioneer in the field of exotic animal pathology. He never stopped teaching or learning, and he was a constant source of encouragement and inspiration during the 20 years that I was privileged to work with him at the Animal Medical Center. KEQ I dedicate this book to my associates in the Zoological Medicine Service at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, and to the 22 interns and 4 residents we have trained since 1990. Their understanding, support, and encouragement, which have allowed me to undertake projects such as this book, are greatly appreciated. In addition, I wish to thank veterinary students Gretchen Cole and Christopher J. Marion for assisting us in the preparation of this book. Special thanks to my wife, Terry, and children, Erin and Michael, for their support during this 21/ -year project. 2 JWC AFM.qxd 11/11/03 3:11 PM Page v C O N T R I B U T O R S Sean Aiken, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVS Barbara J. Deeb, DVM, MS The Animal Medical Center All Pet Veterinary Clinic New York, New York Shoreline, Washington Affiliate Clinical Assistant Professor Natalie Antinoff, DVM, Diplomate ABVP Department of Comparative Medicine Gulf Coast Avian and Exotics University of Washington Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists Seattle, Washington Houston, Texas Thomas M. Donnelly, BVSc, Diplomate ACLAM Louise Bauck, DVM, MVSc Member, Warren Institute Alexandria Veterinary Clinic Ossining, New York Alexandria, Ontario, Canada Consultant in Laboratory Animal Medicine and Exotic Pets New York, New York Judith A. Bell, DVM, MSc, PhD Department of Population Medicine Richard S. Funk, MA, DVM Ontario Veterinary College Department of Exotic Pets University of Guelph Mesa Veterinary Hospital Guelph, Ontario, Ontario Mesa, Arizona R. Avery Bennett, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVS Darryl J. Heard, BVMS, PhD, Diplomate ACZM Associate Professor of Surgery Associate Professor of Zoological Medicine Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania University of Florida Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Gainesville, Florida Craig Bihun, DVM, DVSc Stephen J. Hernandez-Divers, BVetMed, CBiol MIBiol, NRC Senior Veterinarian DZooMed, MRCVS, Diplomate RCVS Zoological National Research Council Medicine, RCVS Recognised Specialist in Zoo and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Wildlife Medicine Rosie Booth, BVSc Assistant Professor of Exotic Animal, Wildlife and Zoological Medicine Brisbane Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Queensland, Australia College of Veterinary Medicine Dale L. Brooks, DVM, PhD University of Georgia School of Veterinary Medicine Athens, Georgia University of California Davis, California Laurie Hess, DVM, Diplomate ABVP The Animal Medical Center Susan A. Brown, DVM New York, New York Midwest Bird & Exotic Animal Hospital Westchester, Illinois Elizabeth V. Hillyer, DVM Oldwick, New Jersey David A. Crossley, BVetMed, MRCVS, FAVD, Diplomate EVDC Heidi L. Hoefer, DVM, Diplomate ABVP Unit of Oral Pathology West Hills Animal Hospital University Dental Hospital of Manchester Huntington, West Virginia Manchester, United Kingdom Department of Surgery Sharon M. Huston, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM Rutland House Referrals (Cardiology) St. Helens, United Kingdom Staff Cardiologist Department of Surgery Veterinary Internal Medicine and Allergy Specialists Animal Medical Centre Referral Services New York, New York Manchester, United Kingdom v AFM.qxd 11/11/03 3:11 PM Page vi vi CONTRIBUTORS Evelyn Ivey, DVM, Diplomate ABVP Dorcas P. O’Rourke, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACLAM Department of Clinical Studies Associate Professor University of Pennsylvania Department of Comparative Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee Jeffrey R. Jenkins, DVM, Diplomate ABVP Avian and Exotic Animal Hospital Jean A. Paré, DMV, DVSc, Diplomate ACZM San Diego, California Assistant Professor Special Species Health Amy Kapatkin, DVM, Diplomate ACVS Department of Surgical Sciences Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Studies University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine Madison, Wisconsin University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Joanne Paul-Murphy, DVM, Diplomate ACZM Assistant Professor Andrew S. Loar, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM Department of Surgical Sciences Consultant, Department of Pathology School of Veterinary Medicine The Animal Medical Center University of Wisconsin New York, New York Madison, Wisconsin Lori Ludwig, VMD, MS, Diplomate ACVS Jean-Paul Petrie, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM The Animal Medical Center (Cardiology) New York, New York Staff Cardiologist Department of Medicine Douglas R. Mader, MS, DVM, Diplomate ABVP Bobst Hospital of the Animal Medical Center Big Pine Key, Florida New York, New York Mark A. Mitchell, DVM, MS, PhD Christal G. Pollock, DVM, Diplomate ABVP Assistant Professor Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Zoological Medicine School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences Louisiana State University College of Veterinary Medicine Baton Rouge, Louisiana Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas James K. Morrisey, DVM, Diplomate ABVP Chief of Companion Exotic Animal Medicine Service Karen L. Rosenthal, DVM, MS, Diplomate ABVP Department of Clinical Sciences Clinical Assistant Professor College of Veterinary Medicine Director of Special Species Medicine Cornell University Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital Ithaca, New York University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Holly S. Mullen, DVM, Diplomate ACVS Chief of Surgery, California Veterinary Surgical Practice Joseph D. Stefanacci, VMD, Diplomate ACVR Emergency Animal Hospital and Referral Center of San Diego Radiology Department San Diego, California Long Island Veterinary Specialists Plainview, New York Michael J. Murray, DVM Monterey, California Thomas N. Tully, Jr., DVM, MS, Diplomate ABVP Professor Robert D. Ness, DVM Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Ness Exotic Wellness Center School of Veterinary Medicine Lisle, Illinois Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana Connie Orcutt, DVM, Diplomate ABVP Angell Memorial Animal Hospital James Walberg, DVM, Diplomate ACVP Boston, Massachusetts Consultant, Department of Pathology The Animal Medical Center New York, New York AFM.qxd 11/11/03 3:11 PM Page vii CONTRIBUTORS vii Charles A. Weiss, DVM Alexandra van der Woerdt, DVM, MS, Diplomate Bradley Hills Animal Hospital ACVO, ECVO Bethesda, Maryland Staff Ophthalmologist Associate Director, Bobst Hospital of the Animal Medical Bruce H. Williams, DVM, Diplomate ACVP Center Department of Telemedicine New York, New York Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Washington, District of Columbia AFM.qxd 11/11/03 3:11 PM Page xi P R E F A C E Since the first edition of this book was published, the spe- hedgehogs. Along with the more traditional small mammals cialty area of veterinary exotic pet practice has undergone kept as pets, these species are now commonly presented for vet- tremendous growth. Whereas small mammal species were once erinary care. considered novelty pets, many veterinarians have now incorpo- We have included chapters on cutting-edge topics that were rated these species into their general small animal practices. just developing when the first edition was prepared. New chap- Increasing numbers of veterinarians now practice exclusively ters on small mammal dentistry, cardiovascular and lympho- with exotic pets, including small mammals, birds, and reptiles. proliferative diseases of rabbits, zoonotic diseases, endoscopy, Many books, periodicals, and on-line sources pertaining to the and cytology and hematology provide much-needed informa- veterinary care of these animals have become available. The tion in one source that is difficult to find elsewhere. The chap- information in many of these sources is excellent, whereas in ters on cytology and hematology and on endoscopy include others, it is anecdotal at best. full-color plates with detailed descriptions, clearly illustrating Parallel to this growth and perhaps a driving force in this important topics. Other chapters in the first edition have been change, the owners of these types of pets are no longer satisfied completely updated, many written by new authors and includ- with simply finding a veterinarian who is willing to examine ing new and updated information. their pet. Because of the wealth of information now available at As in the first edition, the authors reflect a broad background the touch of a computer keyboard, owners are much more of expertise and interests. Included in the contributor list are informed and demand a higher level of care. Many will go to practitioners, university faculty members, laboratory animal vet- great lengths and travel long distances for access to the best that erinarians, and board-certified specialists in such diverse fields veterinary medicine has to offer their animals. as surgery, cardiology, ophthalmology, pathology, and zoo Just as advances in medicine and surgery have increased our animal medicine. This varied group provides a wealth of infor- capacity to help individual animals, recent outbreaks of infec- mation and perspectives, all tremendously instructive and tious diseases such as monkeypox and SARS have re-emphasized helpful. We hope that you will find their viewpoints and expe- the link between these types of animals and the broader con- riences valuable. cerns of public health. The potential of exotic and novelty pets In bringing this project together into its final form, we to serve as carriers of diseases infectious to humans must be an thank the authors for their hard work, the editors at Elsevier ongoing concern to veterinarians on both an individual and a for their willingness and patience in working with us, and espe- public health level. cially, Ray Kersey for supporting us so completely and in spear- In this second edition, we have again tried to provide a heading this second edition. It could not have happened without concise, reader-friendly source of information about small him. mammal species commonly kept as pets. In addition to ferrets, rabbits, and the more common small rodents, we have expanded KATHERINE E. QUESENBERRY the species list to include prairie dogs, sugar gliders, and African JAMES W. CARPENTER xi Plate I Endoscopic view ofthe horizontal ear canal and the normal Plate 2 Endoscopicviewoftheventralnasal concha(V) andthe nasal tympanum (T)ofarabbit. (CourtesyStephenHernandez-Divers, Ithaca, New septum (N) asseen from the commonnasal meatusofarabbit. (Courtesy York, andMichaelMurray, Monterey, California.) StephenHernandez-Divers, Ithaca, NewYork, andMichaelMurray, Monterey, California.) Plate 3 Typicalwide-angleview intothe oral cavityas providedbythe Plate 4 Nasal breathing in rabbits isfacilitated by the entrapmentof rigid endoscope. Rotatingthe scope 180 degrees downward provides a the epiglottis dorsal to the soft palate. The butterfly-shaped epiglottis view ofthe lower arcade. Closer, magnified view ofindividual teeth is (blackarrows) isclearly visible through the relatively transparentcaudal made possible by advancing the telescope toward the tooth. (Courtesy soft palate(whitearrows). Thevascularpatterndepictedhere istypicalfor StephenHernandez-Divers, Ithaca, NewYork, andMichaelMUlTaY, Monterey, arabbit. (CourtesyStephenHernandez-Divers, Ithaca, NewYork, andMichael California.) Murray, Monterey, California.) Plate9 (see also Figure 38-4) Fecalsmear(acid-faststain, X40). Numer Plate 10 Mycobacteria:lymphnodeaspiratefrom acat(Wright'sstain ous Cryptosporidium oocystsarepresent. When Cryptosporidium causedi counterstainedwith acid-faststain, X100).Numerousnegative-staining arrhea, the organismsare numerousand easilyidentified.These proto bacilliareobservedbothwithinmacrophages andfreeinthebackground. zoal cysts,4to 7 urn in diameter, are approximatelythesize ofa red Counterstainingwith acoldacid-faststain (TBQuickStain,BectonDick bloodcelland areweaklyacid-fastpositive.Theacid-faststain used here insonMicrobiologySystems)showsdistinct,acid-fast-positiveorganisms. (TBQuickStain,BectonDickinsonMicrobiologySystems,Sparks,MD)is (Althoughnotarecognizedtechnique,counterstainingaWright's-stained a "cold" acid-fast stainand in our experienceiseasyto use and works smearwill stainsomeofthe organisms and wasused here becauseno well.Anacid-faststainspecificallydesignedforCryptosporidiumspeciesis unstainedspecimenswereavailable forstaining.)The morphologicfea not necessary(I.W.,personalobservation). turesaresimilarinallspeciesofanimals. Mycobacteriaareeitherweakly gram positive or are notreadily stainedbyGram stain because ofwaxy material in the cellwall.Typically,when acid-fast organismsareso nu merous, they areoften Mycobacteriumavium. Plate II Aspirate ofacutaneousneoplasm in aferret (Wright's stain, x100).This round celltumor containscharacteristicpurpleormetachromaticgranules inthecytoplasmcharacteristicofamastcelltu mor.Thegranules arepurplishand notasdistinctasthoseinothermammals. Mastcelltumorsarede scribedintheskinofferretsandtypicallydonotmetastasize.Thecharacteristicgranulescanbeleachedout in Diff-Quikstains.Withoutthe granules, adiagnosiscannotbe madewith certainty. Granulesfrom ba sophilscanleachout aswell;forthis reason, wedo notroutinelyuseDiff-Quikstain. Plate 12 Rabbit peripheral blood (Wright's stain, X100).This field Plate 13 Rabbitperipheralblood(Wright'sstain, X100).Thisisarab showsthe three commontypesofwhite bloodcellsinperipheralblood bit eosinophil.Thesecellsarerarebutdistinctfrom heterophilsinthat (monocyte, lymphocyte, and heterophil).Therabbitheterophilisanalo theyarelarger,havelargergranulesthataremoretightlypacked,and have goustotheneutrophilinotherspeciesand isfrequentlymistakenforan subtlydifferenttinctorial properties. Note the crenationof most ofthe eosinophil.Monocytes havealightblue cytoplasmand areoccasionally redbloodcells.Crenatederythrocytes(echinocytes)havespiculesthatare vacuolated. Platelets in rabbits aresmall. Note aplateletadherentto a evenlyspacedandaboutthesamesize.Echinocytesareusuallyanartifact redbloodcelladjacenttothe monocyte. that can be associated with excess ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)anticoagulantorprolongedstorage ofblood,ortheyareanon specificfinding inavarietyofpathologicconditions. Plate 14 Rabbitperipheral blood (Wright'sstain, X100).Thisisarabbitbasophil. Basophils aredis tinctive cellswith purplishgranulesstipplingthe cytoplasm.They are more frequently observedthan eosinophilsandoccurwithapproximatelythesamefrequencyinrabbitsaseosinophilsdoinotherspecies (l.w., personalobservation). Plate 15 Rabbitperipheral blood (Wright's stain, X100). This isa Plate 16 Guineapigperipheralblood(Wright'sstain, X100).Thisfield plateletandfibrinclotwithtwotrappedwhitebloodcells(monocyteand showsamonocyteand aneutrophil.Neutrophilsaresometimesreferred lymphocyte). Microscopicclotsaremorefrequentlyobservedatthetrail topseudoeosinophilsbecauseofthe distinctsmalleosinophilicgranules. ingedgeofabloodsmearand arefrequentlyseen in peripheral blood from rabbits (J.W., personalobservation).This area shouldbe scanned forclotsand plateletclumps, which shouldbenotedon the differential count. Plateletsand white bloodcellsarenotevenlydispersedinclotted blood, which compromisesthe accuracyofthe automatedorestimated counts. Plate 17 Guinea pigperipheralblood(Wright'sstain, X100).Thisisaneosinophiland iseasilyrecog nizedbyitsdistinctivelargegranules (comparewith thegranules inthenearbydegeneratingneutrophil).
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