Feminism in Literature: A Gale Critical Companion. Volume 1: Antiquity-18th Century

645 Pages·2005·11.3 MB·English

by  Jessica Bomarito & Jeffrey W. Hunter

Volume 1: Antiquity–18th Century, Topics & Authors
FiL-halfttlpg 100804.qx4 10/8/04 6:09 PM Page i
FEMINISM
IN
LITERATURE
A Gale Critical Companion
D BarbaraM.Bibel MaryJaneMarden
R
Librarian CollectionDevelopmentLibrarian
A
O OaklandPublicLibrary St.PetersburgCollege
B
Oakland,California PinellasPark,Florida
Y
R
O JamesK.Bracken HeatherMartin
S
I ProfessorandAssistantDirector Arts&HumanitiesLibrarian
V
D UniversityLibraries UniversityofAlabama,SterneLibrary
A
TheOhioStateUniversity Birmingham,Alabama
N
O Columbus,Ohio
I SusanMikula
N
A Dr.TobyBurrows Director
P PrincipalLibrarian IndianaFreeLibrary
M
O TheScholars’Centre Indiana,Pennsylvania
C UniversityofWesternAustraliaLibrary
L ThomasNixon
Nedlands,WesternAustralia
A
C HumanitiesReferenceLibrarian
TI CeliaC.Daniel UniversityofNorthCarolina,DavisLibrary
I
R AssociateLibrarian,Reference ChapelHill,NorthCarolina
C
HowardUniversity
E MarkSchumacher
L Washington,D.C.
A JacksonLibrary
G
DavidM.Durant UniversityofNorthCarolina
ReferenceLibrarian Greensboro,NorthCarolina
JoynerLibrary
GwenScott-Miller
EastCarolinaUniversity
AssistantDirector
Greenville,NorthCarolina
Sno-IsleRegionalLibrarySystem
NancyGuidry Marysville,Washington
Librarian
DonaldWelsh
BakersfieldCommunityCollege
Head,ReferenceServices
Bakersfield,California
CollegeofWilliamandMary,SwemLibrary
StevenR.Harris Williamsburg,Virginia
CollectiveDevelopmentLibrarian
UtahStateUniversity
Logan,Utah
FEMINISM
IN
LITERATURE
A Gale Critical Companion
Volume 1: Antiquity–18thCentury, Topics & Authors
Foreword by Amy Hudock, Ph. D
UniversityofSouth Carolina
Jessica Bomarito, Jeffrey W. Hunter, Project Editors
Some fragments of text and some images removed from the e-book due to copyrights restrictions

FeminisminLiterature,Vol.1
ProjectEditor Permissions CompositionandElectronicCapture
JessicaBomarito,JeffreyW.Hunter EmmaHull,LoriHines,ShaliceShah-Caldwell CarolynRoney
Editorial ImagingandMultimedia Manufacturing
Tom Burns, Jenny Cromie, Kathy D. Darrow, Michelle LezlieLight,DanielNewell,KellyA.Quin RhondaWilliams
Kazensky, Jelena O. Krstovic, Michael L. LaBlanc,
Julie Landelius, Michelle Lee, Allison McClintic Marion,
Ellen McGeagh, Joseph Palmisano, Linda Pavlovski,
James E. Person Jr., Thomas J. Schoenberg, Marie Toft,
Lawrence J. Trudeau, Russel Whitaker
Indexing Services Product Design ProductManager
Synapse, the Knowledge Link Corporation Michael Logusz, Pamela Galbreath JanetWitalec
©2005byThomsonGale,apartof Thispublicationisacreativeworkfullypro- Sincethispagecannotlegiblyaccommodate
TheThomsonCorporation. tectedbyallapplicablecopyrightlaws,aswell allcopyrightnotices,theacknowledgments
asbymisappropriation,tradesecret,unfair constituteanextensionofthecopyright
ThomsonandStarLogoaretrademarksand
competition,andotherapplicablelaws.The notice.
Galeisaregisteredtrademarkusedherein
authorsandeditorsofthisworkhaveadded
underlicense. Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetosecure
valuetotheunderlyingfactualmaterial
permissiontoreprintmaterialandtoensure
Formoreinformation,contact hereinthroughoneormoreofthefollowing:
thereliabilityoftheinformationpresentedin
ThomsonGale uniqueandoriginalselection,coordination,
thispublication,ThomsonGaleneither
27500DrakeRd. expression,arrangement,andclassificationof
guaranteestheaccuracyofthedata
FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535 theinformation.
containedhereinnorassumesany
Oryoucanvisitourinternetsiteat
Forpermissiontousematerialfromthe responsibilityforerrors,omissionsor
http://www.gale.com
product,submityourrequestviatheWebat discrepancies.ThomsonGaleacceptsno
ALLRIGHTSRESERVED http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions,oryou paymentforlisting;andinclusioninthe
Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright maydownloadourPermissionsRequestform publicationofanyorganization,agency,
hereinmaybereproducedorusedinany andsubmityourrequestbyfaxormailto: institution,publication,service,orindividual
formorbyanymeans—graphic,electronic,or doesnotimplyendorsementoftheeditorsor
PermissionsDepartment
mechanical,includingphotocopying, publisher.Errorsbroughttotheattentionof
ThomsonGale
recording,taping,Webdistribution,or thepublisherandverifiedtothesatisfaction
27500DrakeRd.
informationstorageretrieval ofthepublisherwillbecorrectedinfuture
FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535
systems—withoutthewrittenpermissionof editions.
PermissionsHotline:
thepublisher.
248-699-8006or800-877-4253,ext.8006
Fax[phone]or800-762-4058
LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA
Feminisminliterature:aGalecriticalcompanion/forewordbyAmyHudock;JessicaBomarito,projecteditor,JeffreyW.Hunter,projecteditor.
p.cm.--(Galecriticalcompanioncollection)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN 0-7876-7573-3 (set hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7574-1 (vol 1) --
ISBN 0-7876-7575-X (vol 2) -- ISBN 0-7876-7576-8 (vol 3) -- ISBN 0-7876-9115-1 (vol 4) --
ISBN 0-7876-9116-X (vol 5) -- ISBN 0-7876-9065-1 (vol 6)
1. Literature--Women authors--History and criticism. 2. Women authors--Biography. 3. Women--History. I. Bomarito, Jessica, 1975- II. Hunter, Jeffrey W., 1966- III. Series.
PN471.F432005
809'.89287--dc22
2004017989
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
Foreword by Amy Hudock...................................xix On the Subject Of ... Eleanor of C
Aquitaine (1122-1204) . . . . . . . . . 37
O
Preface...............................................................xxv On the Subject Of ... Marie de France
(fl. 12th century) . . . . . . . . . . . 70 N
Acknowledgments.............................................xxix
On the Subject Of ... Hypatia
T
(c. 370- 415) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Chronology of Key Events..................................xlix
On the Subject Of ... Hildegard von E
Bingen (1098-1179) . . . . . . . . . . 91 N
T
S
Women in the 16th, 17th, and 18th
VOLUME 1
Centuries: An Overview
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Women and Women’s Writings from
Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Antiquity through the Middle Ages
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Women in the Ancient World . . . . . . . 12 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Women in the Medieval World . . . . . . 34 Women in Literature . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Women in Classical Art and Literature . . . 44
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Women in Medieval Art and Literature . . . 56
Sidebars:
Classical and Medieval Women Writers . . 74
On the Subject Of ... Laura Cereta
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
(1469-1499) and Moderata Fonte
Sidebars:
(1555-1592) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
On the Subject Of ... Women in
Chinese Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 On the Subject Of ... St. Teresa de
Avila (1515-1582) . . . . . . . . . . . 113
On the Subject Of ... St. Catherine
of Siena (1347-1380) . . . . . . . . . . 11 On the Subject Of ... Cassandra
On the Subject Of ... Nefertiti (c. 1390 Fedele (1465-1558) . . . . . . . . . . 151
B.C.-1360 B.C.) and Cleopatra On the Subject Of ... Marguerite de
(69 B.C.-c. 30 B.C.) . . . . . . . . . . 27 Navarre (1492-1549) . . . . . . . . . 161
v
S On the Subject Of ... Catherine the Sidebars:
T
N Great (1729-1796) . . . . . . . . . . 175 From the Author: Villancico VI, from
TE On the Subject Of ... Queen “Santa Catarina,” 1691 . . . . . . . . 328
N Elizabeth I (1533-1603) . . . . . . . . 188
From the Author: Poem 146 . . . . . . 349
O
C
Women’s Literature in the 16th, 17th,
Margery Kempe 1373-1440
and 18th Centuries
Englishautobiographer
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Women’s Literature in the 16th, 17th,
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
and 18th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Sidebars:
Sidebars:
On the Subject Of ... Madeleine de On the Subject Of ... Julian of
Scudéry (1607-1701) . . . . . . . . . 200 Norwich. Excerpt from The Shewings
On the Subject Of ... Anne of Julian of Norwich . . . . . . . . . . 363
Bradstreet (1612?-1672) . . . . . . . . 213 From the Author: Excerpt from The
On the Subject Of ... Aphra Behn Book of Margery Kempe . . . . . . . . 374
(1640-1689) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
On the Subject Of ... Mercy Otis
Warren (1728-1814) . . . . . . . . . 239
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
On the Subject Of ... Catherine Parr
1689-1762
(1512-1548) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Englishepistler,poet,essayist,translator,and
On the Subject Of ... Abigail Adams
playwright
(1744-1818) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Christine de Pizan 1365- c. 1431
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 399
Frenchpoet,prosewriter,allegorist,epistler,
andbiographer Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Sidebars:
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 From the Author: Letter to Lady Mar,
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 288 10 March 1718 . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
About the Author: Mary Astell’s Preface
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
to the Turkish Embassy Letters, 1763 . . 409
Sidebars:
From the Author: Dedicatory Letter to
the Queen of France, in La Querelle
de la Rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Sappho fl. 6th century B.C.
From the Author: Letter to Gontier Col, Greekpoet
October, 1401 . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
From the Author: Lament to God that
Principal English Translations . . . . . . . 425
opens The Book of the City of Ladies . . 314
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 426
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 1651-1695
Sidebars:
Mexicanpoet,playwright,andprosewriter
From the Author: Two Translations of
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
“Fragment 130” . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 About the Author: H. D., “The Wise
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 326 Sappho,” in Notes on Thought and
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Vision, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 From the Author: “Fragment 10” . . . . 459
vi FEMINISM IN LITERATURE: A GALE CRITICAL COMPANION, VOL. 1
Phillis Wheatley 1753-1784 Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 C
Americanpoet Early Feminists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 O
N
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Representations of Women in Literature T
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 and Art in the 19th Century . . . . . . . . 67 EN
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 T
S
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 474 Sidebars:
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 On the Subject Of ... Lucy Stone
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 (1818-1893) and Julia Ward Howe
Sidebars: (1819-1910) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
From the Author: Excerpt from “On On the Subject Of ... Frances Ellen
Being Brought from Africa to Watkins Harper (1825-1911) . . . . . . 13
America,” 1773 . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 On the Subject Of ... John Stuart Mill,
About the Author: Letter from George excerpt from The Subjection of
Washington to Phillis Wheatley, 28 Women, 1869 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
February 1776 . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 On the Subject Of ... Caroline Sheri-
About the Author: Excerpt from Jupiter dan Norton (1808-1877) . . . . . . . . 35
Hammon’s poem “An Address to On the Subject Of ... Sarah Winne-
Miss Phillis Wheatley” . . . . . . . . 510 mucca (1844?-1891) . . . . . . . . . . 58
On the Subject Of ... Anna Julia
Haywood Cooper (1858-1964) . . . . . 78
Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797
Englishessayistandnovelist
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Women’s Literature in the 19th
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 Century
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 531 Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Sidebars: American Women Writers . . . . . . . . 141
From the Author: Excerpt from “To M. British Women Writers . . . . . . . . . . 177
Talleyrand-Périgord,” in A Vindication Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
of the Rights of Woman, 1792 . . . . . 530 Sidebars:
About the Author: Excerpt from A On the Subject Of ... Frances Power
Defense of the Character and Conduct of Cobbe (1822-1904). . . . . . . . . . . 98
the Late Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, On the Subject Of ... Elizabeth
1803 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Cleghorn Gaskell (1810-1865) . . . . . 104
About the Author: William Godwin, On the Subject Of ... Victoria Earle
excerpt from Memoirs of Mary Matthews (1861-1907) . . . . . . . . 143
Wollstonecraft, 1798 . . . . . . . . . . 558 On the Subject Of ... Caroline M.
Kirkland (1801-1864) . . . . . . . . . 164
On the Subject Of ... Lydia Maria
Child (1802-1880) . . . . . . . . . . 173
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577-581 On the Subject Of ... Charlotte Yonge
(1823-1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Title Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583-599
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-662
United States Suffrage Movement in
the 19th Century
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
VOLUME 2 Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
The Civil War and Its Effect on Suffrage. . 239
Women in the 19th Century: An Suffrage: Issues and Individuals . . . . . . 253
Overview Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sidebars:
Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 On the Subject Of ... Sojourner Truth
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 (c. 1797-1883) . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
FEMINISM IN LITERATURE: A GALE CRITICAL COMPANION, VOL. 1 vii
S On the Subject Of ... Susan B. Sidebars:
T
N Anthony (1820-1906) . . . . . . . . . 227 About the Author: Elizabeth Gaskell,
E On the Subject Of ... Lucretia Coffin excerpt from The Life of Charlotte
T
N Mott (1793-1880) . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Brontë, 1857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
O
C On the Subject Of ... Sarah Moore From the Author: Letter to Elizabeth
Grimké (1792-1873) and Angelina Gaskell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Emily Grimké (1805-1879) . . . . . . 249 From the Author: Letter to G. H.
On the Subject Of ... Victoria Lewes, 1 November 1849 . . . . . . . 422
Woodhull (1838-1927) . . . . . . . . 279
On the Subject Of ... Matilda Joslyn
Gage (1826-1898) . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Emily Brontë 1818-1848
Englishnovelistandpoet
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Louisa May Alcott 1832-1888 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Americannovelist,shortstorywriter,and Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
playwright General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 432
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Sidebars:
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
About the Author: Harriet Martineau,
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 301
excerpt from an obituary for Charlotte
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Brontë, Daily News, April 1855 . . . . 432
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
About the Author: G. H. Lewes, excerpt
Sidebars:
from a review of Wuthering Heights and
From the Author: Letter to the Editor
Agnes Grey, the Leader, 28 December
of Woman’s Journal, 8 May 1884 . . . 302
1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
From the Author: “Happy Women,” in
About the Author: Charlotte Brontë,
the New York Ledger, 11 April 1868 . . . 310
excerpt from a Preface to Wuthering
From the Author: Letter to Maria S.
Heights, 1847 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Porter, 1874 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Elizabeth Barrett Browning 1806-1861
Jane Austen 1775-1817
Englishpoetandtranslator
Englishnovelist
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 473
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 338 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Sidebars:
Sidebars: From the Author: Excerpt from a letter
From the Author: Letter to James to Henry Chorley, 7 January 1845 . . . 471
Stanier Clarke, 11 December 1815. . . 337 From the Author: Excerpt from an
From the Author: Excerpt from Plan untitled, unpublished essay . . . . . . 477
of a Novel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 From the Author: Excerpt from a letter
From the Author: Letter to James to Mary Russell Mitford, 30 December
Stanier Clarke, 1 April 1816 . . . . . . 363 1844 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Charlotte Brontë 1816-1855 Fanny Burney 1752-1840
Englishnovelistandpoet Englishnovelist,playwright,anddiarist
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 393 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 508
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
viii FEMINISM IN LITERATURE: A GALE CRITICAL COMPANION, VOL. 1
Sidebars: Maria Edgeworth 1768-1849 C
O
About the Author: Hester Lynch Thrale, Englishnovelist,shortstorywriter,essayist, N
excerpt from Thraliana: The Diary of andplaywright T
E
Mrs. Hester Lynch Thrale . . . . . . . . 508 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 N
T
From the Author: Excerpt from a letter Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 S
to Suzy Burney, 5 July 1778 . . . . . . 516 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545-549 Sidebars:
About the Author: Mitzi Myers, excerpt
Title Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551-567 from “‘We Must Grant a Romance
Writer a Few Impossibilities’:
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569-630 ‘Unnatural Incident’ and Narrative
Motherhood in Maria Edgeworth’s
Emilie de Coulanges,” in The Words-
worth Circle, Summer, 1996 . . . . . . . 99
VOLUME 3
George Eliot 1819-1880
Kate Chopin 1851-1904 Englishnovelist,essayist,poet,editor,short
storywriter,andtranslator
Americannovelistandshortstorywriter
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 132
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Sidebars:
Sidebars:
About the Author: Anonymous, excerpt
About the Author: Willa Cather, excerpt
from “Dreams,” The Overland Monthly,
from an essay in the Leader, 8 July
February 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
1899 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
From the Author: Excerpt from “Belles
From the Author: Excerpt from “‘Is Love
Lettres,” Westminster Review, 1867 . . . 134
Divine?’ The Question Answered by
Three Ladies Well Known in St. Louis
Society.” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Margaret Fuller 1810-1850
Americanessayist,critic,travelwriter,
translator,andpoet
Emily Dickinson 1830-1886
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Americanpoet
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 173
Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Sidebars:
Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 About the Author: Vernon Louis
Sidebars: Parrington, excerpt from “Margaret
About the Author: Martha Dickinson Fuller, Rebel” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Bianchi, excerpt from “The Editor’s About the Author: Annette Kolodny,
Preface,” in The Single Hound: Poems of excerpt from “Inventing a Feminist
a Lifetime, by Emily Dickinson, 1914 . . . 54 Discourse: Rhetoric and Resistance in
On the Subject Of ... Review of Letters Margaret Fuller’s Woman in the
of Emily Dickinson, Philadelphia Public Nineteenth Century,” New Literary
Ledger, 7 December 1894 . . . . . . . . 71 History, spring, 1994 . . . . . . . . . 181
FEMINISM IN LITERATURE: A GALE CRITICAL COMPANION, VOL. 1 ix