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Feminism in Literature: A Gale Critical Companion. Volume 1: Antiquity-18th Century PDF

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Volume 1: Antiquity–18th Century, Topics & Authors FiL-halfttlpg 100804.qx4 10/8/04 6:09 PM Page i FEMINISM IN LITERATURE A Gale Critical Companion D BarbaraM.Bibel MaryJaneMarden R Librarian CollectionDevelopmentLibrarian A O OaklandPublicLibrary St.PetersburgCollege B Oakland,California PinellasPark,Florida Y R O JamesK.Bracken HeatherMartin S I ProfessorandAssistantDirector Arts&HumanitiesLibrarian V D UniversityLibraries UniversityofAlabama,SterneLibrary A TheOhioStateUniversity Birmingham,Alabama N O Columbus,Ohio I SusanMikula N A Dr.TobyBurrows Director P PrincipalLibrarian IndianaFreeLibrary M O TheScholars’Centre Indiana,Pennsylvania C UniversityofWesternAustraliaLibrary L ThomasNixon Nedlands,WesternAustralia A C HumanitiesReferenceLibrarian TI CeliaC.Daniel UniversityofNorthCarolina,DavisLibrary I R AssociateLibrarian,Reference ChapelHill,NorthCarolina C HowardUniversity E MarkSchumacher L Washington,D.C. A JacksonLibrary G DavidM.Durant UniversityofNorthCarolina ReferenceLibrarian Greensboro,NorthCarolina JoynerLibrary GwenScott-Miller EastCarolinaUniversity AssistantDirector Greenville,NorthCarolina Sno-IsleRegionalLibrarySystem NancyGuidry Marysville,Washington Librarian DonaldWelsh BakersfieldCommunityCollege Head,ReferenceServices Bakersfield,California CollegeofWilliamandMary,SwemLibrary StevenR.Harris Williamsburg,Virginia CollectiveDevelopmentLibrarian UtahStateUniversity Logan,Utah FEMINISM IN LITERATURE A Gale Critical Companion Volume 1: Antiquity–18thCentury, Topics & Authors Foreword by Amy Hudock, Ph. D UniversityofSouth Carolina Jessica Bomarito, Jeffrey W. Hunter, Project Editors Some fragments of text and some images removed from the e-book due to copyrights restrictions FeminisminLiterature,Vol.1 ProjectEditor Permissions CompositionandElectronicCapture JessicaBomarito,JeffreyW.Hunter EmmaHull,LoriHines,ShaliceShah-Caldwell CarolynRoney Editorial ImagingandMultimedia Manufacturing Tom Burns, Jenny Cromie, Kathy D. Darrow, Michelle LezlieLight,DanielNewell,KellyA.Quin RhondaWilliams Kazensky, Jelena O. Krstovic, Michael L. LaBlanc, Julie Landelius, Michelle Lee, Allison McClintic Marion, Ellen McGeagh, Joseph Palmisano, Linda Pavlovski, James E. Person Jr., Thomas J. Schoenberg, Marie Toft, Lawrence J. Trudeau, Russel Whitaker Indexing Services Product Design ProductManager Synapse, the Knowledge Link Corporation Michael Logusz, Pamela Galbreath JanetWitalec ©2005byThomsonGale,apartof Thispublicationisacreativeworkfullypro- Sincethispagecannotlegiblyaccommodate TheThomsonCorporation. tectedbyallapplicablecopyrightlaws,aswell allcopyrightnotices,theacknowledgments asbymisappropriation,tradesecret,unfair constituteanextensionofthecopyright ThomsonandStarLogoaretrademarksand competition,andotherapplicablelaws.The notice. Galeisaregisteredtrademarkusedherein authorsandeditorsofthisworkhaveadded underlicense. Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetosecure valuetotheunderlyingfactualmaterial permissiontoreprintmaterialandtoensure Formoreinformation,contact hereinthroughoneormoreofthefollowing: thereliabilityoftheinformationpresentedin ThomsonGale uniqueandoriginalselection,coordination, thispublication,ThomsonGaleneither 27500DrakeRd. expression,arrangement,andclassificationof guaranteestheaccuracyofthedata FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535 theinformation. containedhereinnorassumesany Oryoucanvisitourinternetsiteat Forpermissiontousematerialfromthe responsibilityforerrors,omissionsor http://www.gale.com product,submityourrequestviatheWebat discrepancies.ThomsonGaleacceptsno ALLRIGHTSRESERVED http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions,oryou paymentforlisting;andinclusioninthe Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright maydownloadourPermissionsRequestform publicationofanyorganization,agency, hereinmaybereproducedorusedinany andsubmityourrequestbyfaxormailto: institution,publication,service,orindividual formorbyanymeans—graphic,electronic,or doesnotimplyendorsementoftheeditorsor PermissionsDepartment mechanical,includingphotocopying, publisher.Errorsbroughttotheattentionof ThomsonGale recording,taping,Webdistribution,or thepublisherandverifiedtothesatisfaction 27500DrakeRd. informationstorageretrieval ofthepublisherwillbecorrectedinfuture FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535 systems—withoutthewrittenpermissionof editions. PermissionsHotline: thepublisher. 248-699-8006or800-877-4253,ext.8006 Fax248-699-8074or800-762-4058 LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA Feminisminliterature:aGalecriticalcompanion/forewordbyAmyHudock;JessicaBomarito,projecteditor,JeffreyW.Hunter,projecteditor. p.cm.--(Galecriticalcompanioncollection) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN 0-7876-7573-3 (set hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-7876-7574-1 (vol 1) -- ISBN 0-7876-7575-X (vol 2) -- ISBN 0-7876-7576-8 (vol 3) -- ISBN 0-7876-9115-1 (vol 4) -- ISBN 0-7876-9116-X (vol 5) -- ISBN 0-7876-9065-1 (vol 6) 1. Literature--Women authors--History and criticism. 2. Women authors--Biography. 3. Women--History. I. Bomarito, Jessica, 1975- II. Hunter, Jeffrey W., 1966- III. Series. PN471.F432005 809'.89287--dc22 2004017989 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 Foreword by Amy Hudock...................................xix On the Subject Of ... Eleanor of C Aquitaine (1122-1204) . . . . . . . . . 37 O Preface...............................................................xxv On the Subject Of ... Marie de France (fl. 12th century) . . . . . . . . . . . 70 N Acknowledgments.............................................xxix On the Subject Of ... Hypatia T (c. 370- 415) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Chronology of Key Events..................................xlix On the Subject Of ... Hildegard von E Bingen (1098-1179) . . . . . . . . . . 91 N T S Women in the 16th, 17th, and 18th VOLUME 1 Centuries: An Overview Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Women and Women’s Writings from Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Antiquity through the Middle Ages Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Women in the Ancient World . . . . . . . 12 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Women in the Medieval World . . . . . . 34 Women in Literature . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Women in Classical Art and Literature . . . 44 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Women in Medieval Art and Literature . . . 56 Sidebars: Classical and Medieval Women Writers . . 74 On the Subject Of ... Laura Cereta Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 (1469-1499) and Moderata Fonte Sidebars: (1555-1592) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 On the Subject Of ... Women in Chinese Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 On the Subject Of ... St. Teresa de Avila (1515-1582) . . . . . . . . . . . 113 On the Subject Of ... St. Catherine of Siena (1347-1380) . . . . . . . . . . 11 On the Subject Of ... Cassandra On the Subject Of ... Nefertiti (c. 1390 Fedele (1465-1558) . . . . . . . . . . 151 B.C.-1360 B.C.) and Cleopatra On the Subject Of ... Marguerite de (69 B.C.-c. 30 B.C.) . . . . . . . . . . 27 Navarre (1492-1549) . . . . . . . . . 161 v S On the Subject Of ... Catherine the Sidebars: T N Great (1729-1796) . . . . . . . . . . 175 From the Author: Villancico VI, from TE On the Subject Of ... Queen “Santa Catarina,” 1691 . . . . . . . . 328 N Elizabeth I (1533-1603) . . . . . . . . 188 From the Author: Poem 146 . . . . . . 349 O C Women’s Literature in the 16th, 17th, Margery Kempe 1373-1440 and 18th Centuries Englishautobiographer Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Women’s Literature in the 16th, 17th, Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 and 18th Centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Sidebars: Sidebars: On the Subject Of ... Madeleine de On the Subject Of ... Julian of Scudéry (1607-1701) . . . . . . . . . 200 Norwich. Excerpt from The Shewings On the Subject Of ... Anne of Julian of Norwich . . . . . . . . . . 363 Bradstreet (1612?-1672) . . . . . . . . 213 From the Author: Excerpt from The On the Subject Of ... Aphra Behn Book of Margery Kempe . . . . . . . . 374 (1640-1689) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 On the Subject Of ... Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814) . . . . . . . . . 239 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu On the Subject Of ... Catherine Parr 1689-1762 (1512-1548) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Englishepistler,poet,essayist,translator,and On the Subject Of ... Abigail Adams playwright (1744-1818) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Christine de Pizan 1365- c. 1431 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 399 Frenchpoet,prosewriter,allegorist,epistler, andbiographer Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Sidebars: Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 From the Author: Letter to Lady Mar, General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 288 10 March 1718 . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 About the Author: Mary Astell’s Preface Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 to the Turkish Embassy Letters, 1763 . . 409 Sidebars: From the Author: Dedicatory Letter to the Queen of France, in La Querelle de la Rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Sappho fl. 6th century B.C. From the Author: Letter to Gontier Col, Greekpoet October, 1401 . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 From the Author: Lament to God that Principal English Translations . . . . . . . 425 opens The Book of the City of Ladies . . 314 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 426 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 1651-1695 Sidebars: Mexicanpoet,playwright,andprosewriter From the Author: Two Translations of Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 “Fragment 130” . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 About the Author: H. D., “The Wise General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 326 Sappho,” in Notes on Thought and Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Vision, 1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 From the Author: “Fragment 10” . . . . 459 vi FEMINISM IN LITERATURE: A GALE CRITICAL COMPANION, VOL. 1 Phillis Wheatley 1753-1784 Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 C Americanpoet Early Feminists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 O N Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Representations of Women in Literature T Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 and Art in the 19th Century . . . . . . . . 67 EN Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 T S General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 474 Sidebars: Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 On the Subject Of ... Lucy Stone Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 (1818-1893) and Julia Ward Howe Sidebars: (1819-1910) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 From the Author: Excerpt from “On On the Subject Of ... Frances Ellen Being Brought from Africa to Watkins Harper (1825-1911) . . . . . . 13 America,” 1773 . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 On the Subject Of ... John Stuart Mill, About the Author: Letter from George excerpt from The Subjection of Washington to Phillis Wheatley, 28 Women, 1869 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 February 1776 . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 On the Subject Of ... Caroline Sheri- About the Author: Excerpt from Jupiter dan Norton (1808-1877) . . . . . . . . 35 Hammon’s poem “An Address to On the Subject Of ... Sarah Winne- Miss Phillis Wheatley” . . . . . . . . 510 mucca (1844?-1891) . . . . . . . . . . 58 On the Subject Of ... Anna Julia Haywood Cooper (1858-1964) . . . . . 78 Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 Englishessayistandnovelist Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Women’s Literature in the 19th Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 Century Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 531 Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Sidebars: American Women Writers . . . . . . . . 141 From the Author: Excerpt from “To M. British Women Writers . . . . . . . . . . 177 Talleyrand-Périgord,” in A Vindication Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 of the Rights of Woman, 1792 . . . . . 530 Sidebars: About the Author: Excerpt from A On the Subject Of ... Frances Power Defense of the Character and Conduct of Cobbe (1822-1904). . . . . . . . . . . 98 the Late Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, On the Subject Of ... Elizabeth 1803 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Cleghorn Gaskell (1810-1865) . . . . . 104 About the Author: William Godwin, On the Subject Of ... Victoria Earle excerpt from Memoirs of Mary Matthews (1861-1907) . . . . . . . . 143 Wollstonecraft, 1798 . . . . . . . . . . 558 On the Subject Of ... Caroline M. Kirkland (1801-1864) . . . . . . . . . 164 On the Subject Of ... Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880) . . . . . . . . . . 173 Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577-581 On the Subject Of ... Charlotte Yonge (1823-1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Title Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583-599 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-662 United States Suffrage Movement in the 19th Century Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 VOLUME 2 Overviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 The Civil War and Its Effect on Suffrage. . 239 Women in the 19th Century: An Suffrage: Issues and Individuals . . . . . . 253 Overview Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sidebars: Representative Works . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 On the Subject Of ... Sojourner Truth Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 (c. 1797-1883) . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 FEMINISM IN LITERATURE: A GALE CRITICAL COMPANION, VOL. 1 vii S On the Subject Of ... Susan B. Sidebars: T N Anthony (1820-1906) . . . . . . . . . 227 About the Author: Elizabeth Gaskell, E On the Subject Of ... Lucretia Coffin excerpt from The Life of Charlotte T N Mott (1793-1880) . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Brontë, 1857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 O C On the Subject Of ... Sarah Moore From the Author: Letter to Elizabeth Grimké (1792-1873) and Angelina Gaskell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Emily Grimké (1805-1879) . . . . . . 249 From the Author: Letter to G. H. On the Subject Of ... Victoria Lewes, 1 November 1849 . . . . . . . 422 Woodhull (1838-1927) . . . . . . . . 279 On the Subject Of ... Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826-1898) . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Emily Brontë 1818-1848 Englishnovelistandpoet Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Louisa May Alcott 1832-1888 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Americannovelist,shortstorywriter,and Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 playwright General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 432 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Sidebars: Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 About the Author: Harriet Martineau, General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 301 excerpt from an obituary for Charlotte Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Brontë, Daily News, April 1855 . . . . 432 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 About the Author: G. H. Lewes, excerpt Sidebars: from a review of Wuthering Heights and From the Author: Letter to the Editor Agnes Grey, the Leader, 28 December of Woman’s Journal, 8 May 1884 . . . 302 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 From the Author: “Happy Women,” in About the Author: Charlotte Brontë, the New York Ledger, 11 April 1868 . . . 310 excerpt from a Preface to Wuthering From the Author: Letter to Maria S. Heights, 1847 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Porter, 1874 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Elizabeth Barrett Browning 1806-1861 Jane Austen 1775-1817 Englishpoetandtranslator Englishnovelist Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 473 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 338 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Sidebars: Sidebars: From the Author: Excerpt from a letter From the Author: Letter to James to Henry Chorley, 7 January 1845 . . . 471 Stanier Clarke, 11 December 1815. . . 337 From the Author: Excerpt from an From the Author: Excerpt from Plan untitled, unpublished essay . . . . . . 477 of a Novel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 From the Author: Excerpt from a letter From the Author: Letter to James to Mary Russell Mitford, 30 December Stanier Clarke, 1 April 1816 . . . . . . 363 1844 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Charlotte Brontë 1816-1855 Fanny Burney 1752-1840 Englishnovelistandpoet Englishnovelist,playwright,anddiarist Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 393 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 508 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 viii FEMINISM IN LITERATURE: A GALE CRITICAL COMPANION, VOL. 1 Sidebars: Maria Edgeworth 1768-1849 C O About the Author: Hester Lynch Thrale, Englishnovelist,shortstorywriter,essayist, N excerpt from Thraliana: The Diary of andplaywright T E Mrs. Hester Lynch Thrale . . . . . . . . 508 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 N T From the Author: Excerpt from a letter Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 S to Suzy Burney, 5 July 1778 . . . . . . 516 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545-549 Sidebars: About the Author: Mitzi Myers, excerpt Title Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551-567 from “‘We Must Grant a Romance Writer a Few Impossibilities’: Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569-630 ‘Unnatural Incident’ and Narrative Motherhood in Maria Edgeworth’s Emilie de Coulanges,” in The Words- worth Circle, Summer, 1996 . . . . . . . 99 VOLUME 3 George Eliot 1819-1880 Kate Chopin 1851-1904 Englishnovelist,essayist,poet,editor,short storywriter,andtranslator Americannovelistandshortstorywriter Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 132 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Sidebars: Sidebars: About the Author: Anonymous, excerpt About the Author: Willa Cather, excerpt from “Dreams,” The Overland Monthly, from an essay in the Leader, 8 July February 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 1899 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 From the Author: Excerpt from “Belles From the Author: Excerpt from “‘Is Love Lettres,” Westminster Review, 1867 . . . 134 Divine?’ The Question Answered by Three Ladies Well Known in St. Louis Society.” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Margaret Fuller 1810-1850 Americanessayist,critic,travelwriter, translator,andpoet Emily Dickinson 1830-1886 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Americanpoet Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Principal Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . 173 Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 General Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Title Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Sidebars: Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 About the Author: Vernon Louis Sidebars: Parrington, excerpt from “Margaret About the Author: Martha Dickinson Fuller, Rebel” . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Bianchi, excerpt from “The Editor’s About the Author: Annette Kolodny, Preface,” in The Single Hound: Poems of excerpt from “Inventing a Feminist a Lifetime, by Emily Dickinson, 1914 . . . 54 Discourse: Rhetoric and Resistance in On the Subject Of ... Review of Letters Margaret Fuller’s Woman in the of Emily Dickinson, Philadelphia Public Nineteenth Century,” New Literary Ledger, 7 December 1894 . . . . . . . . 71 History, spring, 1994 . . . . . . . . . 181 FEMINISM IN LITERATURE: A GALE CRITICAL COMPANION, VOL. 1 ix

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