Feed efficiency in swine PDF
Preview Feed efficiency in swine
Feed efciency in swine Tis project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2011-68004-30336 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Feed efciency in swine edited by: John F. Patience ;EKIRMRKIR%GEHIQMG 4 Y F P M W L I V W Buy a print copy of this book at www.WageningenAcademic.com/feedef This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher, Wageningen Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 220, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands, ISBN: 978-90-8686-202-3 www.WageningenAcademic.com e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-756-1 Table of contents Preface 13 1. Herd management factors that infuence whole herd feed efciency 15 A.M. Gaines, B.A. Peterson and O.F. Mendoza Introduction 15 Are we measuring feed conversion correctly? 16 How do we measure ourselves over time? 17 Is it time to shif our thinking? 20 What is the best way to measure feed efciency in the sow herd? 20 Factors in a production system that could impact whole herd feed efciency 23 Sow replacement rate 23 Timing of mortality 24 Impact of birth weight on feed efciency 26 Te efects of weaning weight on feed efciency 28 Harvest weight 29 Pig removal strategies at marketing 31 Floor and feeder space impacts on feed efciency 32 Conclusion 35 References 36 2. Feeding and barn management strategies that maximize feed efciency 41 M.D. Tokach, R.D. Goodband, J.M. DeRouchey, S.S. Dritz and J.L. Nelssen Introduction 41 Prior to entry 42 Loading the barn 46 Daily chores 48 Unloading the barn 55 Conclusions 58 References 59 3. Liquid feeding corn-based diets to growing pigs: practical considerations and use of co-products 63 C.F.M. de Lange and C.H. Zhu Introduction 63 Design of liquid feeding systems 64 Liquid feeding practices 66 Efects of liquid feeding corn-based feeds on growth performance and carcass characteristics 68 Use of liquid co-products: corn distillers solubles and corn steep water 71 Use of dry high-fber co-products: wheat shorts and dried distillers grains with solubles 75 Conclusions and implications 76 Acknowledgements 78 References 78 Feed efciency in swine 7 Table of contents 4. Amino acid nutrition and feed efciency 81 C.F.M. de Lange, C.L. Levesque and B.J. Kerr Introduction 81 Whole body protein deposition and pig growth performance 82 Biology of amino acid utilization in growing pigs 84 Efect of between-animal variability on optimum dietary amino acid levels for groups of pigs 88 Implications of phase-feeding and compensatory growth for establishing optimum dietary amino acid levels 90 NRC approach to estimating amino acid requirements of growing-fnishing pigs 93 Conclusions and implications 97 References 98 5. Te infuence of dietary energy on feed efciency in grow-fnish swine 101 J.F. Patience Introduction 101 Defning and expressing feed efciency 102 Defnition of dietary energy 105 Dietary sources of energy 108 Energy systems 110 Dietary energy used for maintenance and for gain 116 Daily energy intake 120 Other considerations 122 Practical approaches to improving feed efciency 122 Conclusion and implications 125 References 125 6. Feed processing to maximize feed efciency 131 C.R. Stark Introduction 131 Ingredient selection and least cost formulation 132 Feed manufacturing quality assurance 135 Feed manufacturing 138 Feed ordering and delivery 148 Conclusion 149 References 149 7. Te genetic and biological basis of residual feed intake as a measure of feed efciency 153 J.M. Young and J.C.M. Dekkers Introduction 153 Te genetic basis of residual feed intake 154 Physiological basis of residual feed intake 154 Selection experiment in Yorkshire pigs to create lines divergent in residual feed intake 156 Conclusions 163 Acknowledgements 163 References 164 8 Feed efciency in swine Table of contents 8. Pig breeding for improved feed efciency 167 P.W. Knap and L. Wang Feed efciency: past developments 167 Feed efciency: biological backgrounds 169 Genetic change in production traits and feed efciency 173 Breeding for improved feed efciency 175 Implications 178 References 179 9. Efect of climatic environment on feed efciency in swine 183 D. Renaudeau, H. Gilbert, and J. Noblet Introduction 183 General aspects 184 Consequences of thermal stress on feed efciency 187 Strategies for alleviating the efects of thermal stress on feed efciency 196 Conclusion 203 References 205 10. Fueling the immune response: what’s the cost? 211 R.W. Johnson Introduction 21 Relationship between disease and growth performance 212 How does the immune system sense the pathogenic environment? 215 How does the immune system afect growth? 218 What does it cost to nourish the immune response? 220 Acknowledgements 20 References 20 11. Infuence of health on feed efciency 225 S.S. Dritz Introduction 25 Direct efects of mortality 226 Chronic immune stimulation 227 Production responses to in-feed antimicrobials in multi-site production 228 Field data 229 Future advances 234 Conclusion 235 References 235 12. Physiology of feed efciency in the pig: emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract and specifc dietary examples 239 J.R. Pluske Introduction 239 Secretions from the lactating sow and piglet growth efciency 239 Growth factors in colostrum and milk 242 Changes in feed efciency associated with weaning 243 Feed efciency in swine 9 Table of contents Relationships between dietary protein source and post-weaning diarrhea 247 ZnO as a growth-promoting compound to enhance feed efciency afer weaning 250 Conclusions 251 References 253 13. Emerging technologies with the potential to improve feed efciency in swine 259 F.R. Dunshea Introduction 259 Porcine somatotropin 260 Ractopamine 261 Cysteamine 263 Chromium 264 Betaine 26 Dietary neuroleptics 266 Immunization against GnRF 268 Conclusions 269 References 269 10 Feed efciency in swine Preface Te world as we know it is changing at an accelerated pace. Continued growth of the human population will put increasing pressure on feed supplies and food production. Coincident with a rising population is a growing demand for pork, as the standard of living rises in many parts of the world. Meeting this demand will be a challenge that farmers must face head-on. Pork producers face other challenges as they adopt new technologies to produce ‘more with less.’ Unprecedented – and unexpected – growth of the grain biofuels sector in the past decade has upset the traditional balance of supply and demand in the grain economy. It will take some time for a new equilibrium to be reached. Te other competitor for feed resources – human food – will also expand as the human population grows. Nevertheless, the global pork industry has co-existed with the human food complex for some time, so although it represents another major user of potential feed resources, it is not a new or unfamiliar competitor. Other trends, such as competition from other meat sources like poultry, a decline in arable land in many historically important agricultural regions and uncertainty about the future of irrigation in arid regions will also place greater demands on the pig industry to use feed resources more efectively. It was in this context that Feed efciency in swine was born. Tis book evolved from the International Conference on Feed Efciency in Swine held in November, 2011. At that event, the speakers were charged with presenting the newest and most current information available on feed efciency in swine, covering everything from daily barn management to the adoption of new technologies. Tis book has the same objective as that conference and uses the speakers as its authors. By bringing together authors with a wide array of backgrounds and roles in the pig industry, the chapters in this book represent a similar diversity, looking at feed efciency from perspectives in the barn as well as in the laboratory. Feed efciency in swine covers a broad spectrum of scientifc disciplines, including nutrition, genetics, veterinary medicine, physiology, feed processing and many others. Te result is a unique book that provides the reader with an abundance of information on a variety of approaches to maximizing feed efciency in the pork industry today. I want to thank the authors, each of whom enthusiastically accepted the challenge to address their topic thoroughly and profciently. Tey validated their selection as authors by the very high quality of the chapters they submitted. I also want to thank Abby Anderson, Holly Schuler and Julie Roberts for their editorial assistance, and convey particular appreciation for the professional assistance provided by Mike Jacobs and his staf at Wageningen Academic Publishers. Te quality of this book attests to their eforts. Finally, I want to acknowledge that this book project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant No. 2011-68004-30336 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. J.F. Patience, editor Feed efciency in swine 13 1. Herd management factors that infuence whole herd feed efciency A.M. Gaines, B.A. Peterson and O.F. Mendoza The Maschhofs, LLC, 7475 State Route 127, Carlyle, IL 62231, USA;
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