Feed Additives: Aromatic Plants and Herbs in Animal Nutrition and Health PDF
Preview Feed Additives: Aromatic Plants and Herbs in Animal Nutrition and Health
FEED ADDITIVES AROMATIC PLANTS AND HERBS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION AND HEALTH Edited by P F -P ANAGIOTA LOROU ANERI E C FTERPI HRISTAKI I G LIAS IANNENAS AcademicPress isanimprintofElsevier 125London Wall,London EC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor, Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrights reserved. Nopart ofthispublicationmay bereproduced ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans, electronicor mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording,oranyinformation storageandretrieval system,without permissioninwritingfrom thepublisher.Details onhowtoseekpermission, further informationaboutthe Publisher’spermissions policies andourarrangements withorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontained initareprotected undercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthan asmay benotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnewresearch andexperiencebroaden ourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professional practices,ormedicaltreatment maybecome necessary. Practitionersandresearchers mustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating and usingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation or methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom theyhave aprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors, oreditors,assume any liabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsor propertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence or otherwise,orfrom anyuseoroperation ofany methods,products,instructions, orideascontainedinthe materialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Acatalogrecordforthisbookis availablefromtheLibrary ofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Data Acataloguerecord forthisbook isavailablefromtheBritish Library ISBN:978-0-12-814700-9 Forinformation onallAcademic Presspublications visitourwebsite at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:Charlotte Cockle AcquisitionEditor: PatriciaOsborn EditorialProjectManager:SusanIkeda ProductionProjectManager:Prem KumarKaliamoorthi CoverDesigner: Christian Bilbow TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contributors Sabine Aboling Institute of Animal Nutrition, E. Christaki Laboratory of Nutrition, School of University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Foundation,Hanover,Germany Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Marzia Albenzio University of Foggia, Depart- Thessaloniki,Greece ment of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food, and MariaGiovannaCiliberti UniversityofFoggia, Environment,Foggia,Italy Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Ioannis Anastasiou Trinity Nutrition Ltd., Food,and Environment,Foggia,Italy Cavan,Ireland Du(cid:1)sica C(cid:1)olovi(cid:3)c University of Novi Sad, Insti- Manfred Andratsch Phytobiotics Futterzusatz- tuteofFoodTechnology,Novi Sad,Serbia stoffeGmbHEltville,Germany Yueming Dersjant-Li Consultant in Animal Valeria Artuso-Ponte Phytobiotics Futterzu- Nutrition, Nijkerk,TheNetherlands satzstoffe GmbHEltville,Germany Catalin Dragomir National Research Develop- K.H.C. Baser Department of Pharmacognosy, ment Institute for Animal Biology and Nutri- tion(INCDBNA),Balotesti,Romania Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia,North Cyprus Anca C. F(cid:4)arca¸s Faculty of Food Science and Eleftherios Bonos Department of Agriculture, Technology,UniversityofAgriculturalSciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Romania Arta,Greece Mehmet Bozkurt Department of Animal Bojana Filip(cid:1)cev University of Novi Sad, Insti- Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Mend- tuteofFoodTechnology,Novi Sad,Serbia eresUniversity,Kocarlı,Aydın,Turkey P. Florou-Paneri Laboratory of Nutrition, Ivana C(cid:1)abarkapa University of Novi Sad, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of The- InstituteofFoodTechnology,NoviSad,Serbia ssaloniki,Thessaloniki, Greece MariaGraziaCappai DepartmentofVeterinary Medicine,University ofSassari,Sassari, Italy ChM.Franz WGFunctionalPlantCompounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Mariangela Caroprese University of Foggia, Austria Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, IliasGiannenas LaboratoryofNutrition,School Food,andEnvironment,Foggia,Italy of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sci- Chuanshang Cheng Department of Animal ences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Nutrition and FeedScience, College ofAnimal Thessaloniki,Greece Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricul- Katerina Grigoriadou Laboratory of Con- tural University, Wuhan, P. R. China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable servation and Evaluation of Native and PigProduction,Wuhan,P.R.China Floricultural Species-Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia,HellenicAgriculturalOrganizatione S.L. Chia Faculty of Biotechnology and Bio- DEMETER,Thessaloniki, Greece molecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,Selangor, Malaysia ix x CONTRIBUTORS I. Hahn-Ramssl WG Functional Plant Com- M.M. Noordin Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, pounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Vienna,Austria Malaysia Heidi Hall Anpario plc, Nottinghamshire, Uni- A.R. Omar Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, tedKingdom Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, David Harrington Anpario plc, Nottingham- Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia,Serdang,Selangor, Malaysia shire,UnitedKingdom Ángel Hernández-Contreras IMIDA - Aqua- Amit Kumar Pandey Ayurvet Limited Office, culture,SanPedro delPinatar,RegionofMur- Delhi, India cia,Spain Christos Papaneophytou Department of Life María Dolores Hernández IMIDA - Aqua- and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, culture,SanPedro delPinatar,RegionofMur- cia,Spain Cyprus A. Ideris Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uni- Anja Pastor Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH Eltville,Germany versiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia JianPeng DepartmentofAnimalNutritionand Li-Zhi Jin Meritech and Huazhong Agricultural Feed Science, College of Animal Science and University Cooperative Innovation Center, Technology, Huazhong Agricultural Uni- versity,Wuhan,P.R.China; TheCooperative Wuhan, P. R. China; Guangzhou Meritech Bio- Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Pro- engineeringCo.,Ltd.,Guangzhou,P.R.China duction, Wuhan,P.R.China Ljiljana Kostadinovi(cid:3)c Planet Fresh d.o.o., Nik(cid:1)si(cid:3)c,Montenegro SanjaPopovi(cid:3)c UniversityofNoviSad,Institute ofFood Technology,NoviSad,Serbia Nikos Krigas Laboratory of Conservation and Nikola Puva(cid:1)ca University Business Academy, EvaluationofNativeandFloriculturalSpecies- Faculty of Economics and Engineering Man- Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia, Hellenic Agricultural Organization e DEMETER, The- agement, Department of Engineering Manage- ssaloniki,Greece ment inBiotechnology,Novi Sad,Serbia Prafulla Kumar Ayurvet Limited Office, Delhi, M.J. Saxena Ayurvet Limited Office, Delhi, India India Diamanto Lazari Laboratory of Pharmacog- E.Sidiropoulou LaboratoryofNutrition,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sci- nosy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, ences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Thessaloniki,Greece JovankaLevi(cid:3)c UniversityofNoviSad,Institute Ioannis Skoufos Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, ofFood Technology,NoviSad,Serbia Arta,Greece Q.H. Looi Institute of Bioscience, Universiti PutraMalaysia,Serdang, Selangor,Malaysia Sonia A. Socaci Faculty of Food Science and Technology,UniversityofAgriculturalSciences EleniMaloupa LaboratoryofConservationand and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Roma- EvaluationofNativeandFloriculturalSpecies- nia; Institute of Life Sciences, University of Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia, Hellenic AgriculturalSciencesandVeterinaryMedicine, Agricultural Organization e DEMETER, The- Cluj-Napoca, Romania ssaloniki,Greece Eleanor Karp Tatham University of London, Prabhakar Maurya CEHTRA Chemical Con- Royal Veterinary College, London, United sultantsPvtLtd,Delhi,India Kingdom xi CONTRIBUTORS Maria Tofan(cid:4)a Faculty of Food Science and Hong-KuiWei DepartmentofAnimalNutrition Technology,UniversityofAgriculturalSciences and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural Uni- Romania versity, Wuhan, P. R. China; Meritech and Anastasios Tsinas Department of Agriculture, HuazhongAgriculturalUniversityCooperative InnovationCenter, Wuhan,P.R.China School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Arta,Greece David Wilde Anpario plc, Nottinghamshire, Ahmet Engin Tüzün Adnan Menderes Uni- UnitedKingdom versity, Kocarlı Vocational Scholl, Kocarlı, A.R. Yasmin Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydın,Turkey Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Athina Tzora Department of Agriculture, Malaysia School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Arta,Greece Wendy Wakeman Anpario plc, Nottingham- shire,UnitedKingdom JunWang DepartmentofAnimalNutritionand Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural Uni- versity, Wuhan, P. R. China; Meritech and HuazhongAgriculturalUniversityCooperative InnovationCenter, Wuhan,P.R.China Preface Nature has been the source of aromatic aquaculture. Attention was also paid to the plantsandherbsforthousandsofyears,and historic use of aromatic plants, their produc- their use as medicines, enhancers of food tion and sustainable use of the self-grown or aroma, preservatives, or cosmetics is well cultivatedplantsandtheirglobaldistribution. knownfromantiquity.Todaythosearomatic Moreover, pharmacokinetics and mecha- and medicinal plants have gained more nisms of action oftheir bioactive compounds recognition as dietary supplements because are discussed, as well as their applications in they are characterized as natural, safe, eco- food packaging from niche markets to large- friendly, and they possess a plethora of scale. Additionally, toxic effects, harmful in- health-promoting properties, making their gredients,risksinuseandregulatoryrulesof ongoing usage part of an emerging field at aromatic plants are displayed. Finally, resis- the cutting edge of science. It must be tance of bacteria, fungi, and parasites to an- emphasized that the relationship between tibiotics or natural substances of aromatic dietandhealthhasbeenreported2500years plants and their interactions are presented. ago, as initially proposed by Hippocrates, Recently, there has been considerable in- who is quoted as saying “Let food be thy terest in the field of nutrigenomics that is medicine and medicine be thy food.” helping to understand better the use of aro- These benefits depend greatly on the di- matic plants as functional ingredients in versity and the number of their bioactive nutrition, pushing further the boundaries of compounds such as phenolics and terpenes. their potential applications in human and Consumersarebecomingincreasinglyaware veterinary medicine, pharmaceuticals, as of the correlation between diet, health, and well as feed and food industries. disease prevention. A new vista has been We are very grateful to all the authors opened in the use of aromatic plants in around the world who are internationally global health care delivery to replace syn- recognizedfortheir expert contribution, and thetic substances. Therefore, aromatic plants who have provided their outstanding scien- and their derivatives have the potential to tific research conducted in the field of aro- become a new research area for human or matic plants. We sincerely hope that this animal nutrition and health. book can contribute and give impetus to the The compilation of the 19 chapters exploration and utilization of the natural included in this book describe the use of ar- treasure of aromatic plants for the good of omatic plants and their extracts as potential both humans and livestock. vehicles for natural feed additives, e.g., growth promoters as alternatives to antibi- The Editors otics, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antivirals, Professor Panagiota Florou-Paneri immunostimulators, flavorings, pigments Professor Efterpi Christaki on poultry, pigs, dairy animals, and Assistant Professor Ilias Giannenas xiii C H A P T E R 1 The history of herbs, medicinal and aromatic plants, and their extracts: past, current situation and future perspectives Ilias Giannenas1, E. Sidiropoulou1, Eleftherios Bonos2, E. Christaki1, P. Florou-Paneri1 1Laboratory of Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Arta, Greece O U T L I N E Introduction 1 veterinary medicine, plant sustainability, and safety issues 9 Worldwide use of aromatic plants throughout history 3 Future perspectives 13 Current situation on the use of aromatic References 15 plants and herbs in human and Introduction Aromatic plants and herbs have been widely used for medical purposes not only for humansbutforanimalsaswell.Medicinalplantsaremainlyconsideredthoseusedinofficial andtraditionalmedicine,whereasaromaticplantsarethoseusedfortheiraromaandflavor. FeedAdditives 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814700-9.00001-7 Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 2 1. Thehistoryofherbs,medicinalandaromaticplants,andtheirextracts:past,currentsituationandfutureperspectives The World Health Organization (WHO) defines as “herbal medicines” plant-derived mate- rials or products with therapeutic or other human benefits, which contain either raw or processed ingredients from one or more plants (WHO, 2001). Other specific terms used for medicinal and aromatic plants are (Inoue and Craker, 2014; American Botanical Council, 2019): a) “herb or culinary herb” refers to any aromatic plant material from temperate regions, used in minor quantities to flavor foods and beverages, but has little or no known nutritional value, b) “spice” implies to an aromatic plant material from tropical regions used in minor quan- tities to flavor foods and beverages, but has little or no known nutritional value, c) “medicinal plant” describes various plants used for treatment of disease or other body afflictions, d) “essential oil” indicates that a volatile oil can be extracted from plants by distillation, solvents or expression, e) “poisonous plant” indicates to plants containing alkaloids or other substances that may produce toxic effects when introduced into the body. The positive effects of aromatic plants, herbs, and their essential oils in various diseases have been evidenced throughout history (Zollman and Vickers, 1999; Giacometti et al., 2018; Oliveira et al., 2018). Aromatic plants and herbs are the first pharmacological com- pounds that have been used in ancient times to treat diseases or other abnormal conditions and even now are used in folk or as an ethno-type of medicine (Wesley Schultz, 2001; Giannenas, 2008; Christaki et al., 2012; Giannenas et al., 2013, 2018). Almost all ancient civi- lizationshavedemonstratedsomeevidenceofawarenessofplants’medicinaluse.Inancient civilizations,indigenouspeopleusedaromaticplantsandherbstocurenotonlyphysicalbut also mental disorders. At that time, people believed that illness had a supernatural cause or emergedfromevil.Therefore,healerswerehighlyrespectedandplayedanimportantrolein their communities (Voliotis, 1998; Kankara et al., 2015). Currently, in societies living in iso- lated, rural and mountainous areas with limited access to official health facilities, such as indevelopingcountries,manyphysicalandspiritualtherapiesarestillrelieduponandvalue the use of aromatic plants (Sen and Chakraborty, 2016; Solomou et al., 2016). Herbalmedicineconstitutesthemaintypeoftraditionalmedicine,commonlypracticedby traditional healers. The Chinese, Native American, Tibetan, and Indian Ayurvedic practi- tioners are valued not only in countries of origin but also in developed ones, such as the United States or Germany. Often, they use mixtures of unpurified plant extracts, claiming that these may work synergistically so that the effect of the whole herb is greater than the sum total of the effects of individual components. Even more, it is claimed that toxicity is reduced when whole herbs are used instead of isolated active ingredients (Zollman and Vickers, 1999). Similarly, the use of plant-based remedies in vet medicine has been related to traditional knowledge, depending on practical experience and observation being passed from generation to generation, both in verbal and writing form (WHO, 2001). Sincethe1990s,itwaswellunderstoodthattheuseofdrugs,especiallyantibiotics,asad- ditives in animal feed, was gradually leading to antibiotic resistance of microbe pathogens. This phenomenon, along with concerns that the toxicity of many of these compounds were potentially entering the food chain, raised serious concerns regarding human health and 3 Worldwideuseofaromaticplantsthroughouthistory safety (Dhama et al., 2015). According to WHO, this has been a major issue as the intensive useofcertainantibioticshasbeenleadingtoinfectiousdiseases,suchaspneumoniaorsalmo- nellosis, being difficult to treat due to resistance of microbes (WHO, 2018). The European Union gradually started to phase out the use of antibiotics as growth promoters since 1998 and completely banned their use in 2006. In the United States, antibiotic growth promoter use is still allowed but major restrictions have also been applied following the demands of global market (Gaucher et al., 2015). Similarly, restrictions on the use of antibiotics have also been implemented in Asian countries such as Korea, Vietnam, and China, as well as in Australia, and even in Latin American countries (Hart et al., 2004; Suresh et al., 2018). Currently,duetocurrentrestrictionsontheuseofantibiotics,especiallyasfeedadditives, thereisaconsiderableriseontheuseofaromaticplants,herbsandessentialoilsasalternative feed additives in animal nutrition (Franz et al., 2010; Stevanovic et al., 2018). Feed additives areconsideredanycompoundsormixtures,addedinanimalfeedtoimprovetheirhealthsta- tus, growth rate, productivity, and performance. Their characteristics may include specific positive effects such as enhancing digestibility, maintaining and stabilizing beneficial micro- florainthegut,improvingqualityofproductsofanimaloriginandinfluencingpositivelythe environment(Huyghebaertetal.,2011).Thus,ahugeefforthasbeenmadetoreplaceantimi- crobialfeedadditivesinanimalnutritionwithnaturalplantproductsthatwillhavethesame effect on their performance and health condition. The aims of the current chapter are to present a review on the use of aromatic plants and herbsthroughoutantiquity,aswellascurrentaspectsandfutureperspectivesontheirtradi- tional or modern application both in human and animal health. Worldwide use of aromatic plants throughout history Itisratherdifficulttoclaimwhenandwhereplantsandherbswereusedasmedicinesfor first time, especially in prehistoric times (Fig. 1.1). It appears that the very first evidence of humans using plants occurred in a Neanderthal flower burial site in Northern Iraq, approx- imately 60,000years ago, as the remainsof a body were foundsurrounded by at leastseven medicinal plants, including Ephedra (Solecki and Shanidar, 1975; Jamshidi-Kia et al., 2018). Basedonhistoricalreviews,otheroldreferenceswereevidencedbythewritingsofZarathus- tra(1000e500BCE),during theAryan civilizationofIran,backin6500BCE.Agoodknowl- edge of various plants’ medicinal properties was exhibited in Avesta, the holy book of Zoroastrianism (Jamshidi-Kia et al., 2018). The Sumerian civilization followed, presenting written formulas on clay stones, discovered around the Nagpur area, 5000years ago (Kelly, 2009;GuidiandLandi,2016).Theseformulasinvolved12plantpreparations,basedonmore than200herbs,includingcommonalkaloidssuchaspoppy,henbane,licorice,andmandrake (Duke, 2002; Kelly, 2009). It is well understood that traditional beliefs and practices were mixedandadaptedbyancientcivilizationssuchastheAssyrians,Babylonians,andotherin- habitants of Mesopotamia (Elgood, 2010). This is supported by the findings of Cuneiform inscription, a type of writing characters used in Mesopotamia c.2500 BCE, on clay tablets, referringto1000plantsusedtotreatvariousdisorders(Hassan,2015).Cinnamonoil,myrtle, and incense plants were employed in holy ointments, used in rituals, as documented in the Exodus 32:22e26 in the Bible and the holy Jewish book “Talmud” (Smith et al., 2005;
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