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© by PSP Volume 24 – No 1a. 2015 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
FEB - EDITORIAL BOARD Environmental Toxicology:
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CONTENTS

FOREWORD 162

REVIEW ARTICLE
RELATIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM AND WIND ENERGY 163
İlhami Kiziroğlu and Ali Erdoğan

ORIGINAL PAPERS
INTEGRATION OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING WITH 172
THE USLE MODEL IN THE ASSESSMENT OF ANNUAL SOIL
LOSS AND SEDIMENT INPUT OF ZINAV LAKE BASIN IN TURKEY
Hakan Mete Doğan, Orhan Mete Kılıç, Doğaç Sencer Yılmaz, Ekrem Buhan, Fatih Polat and Saliha Dirim Buhan

ACCUMULATION AND BEHAVIOR OF SOME HEAVY METALS 180
IN THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF ZINAV LAKE BASIN ECOSYSTEM
Fatih Polat, Hakan Mete Dogan, Ekrem Buhan, Orhan Mete Kılıç, Doğaç Sencer Yılmaz and Saliha Dirim Buhan

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF BIOTIC INDICES FOR EVALUATION OF 188
WATER QUALITY OF ESEN RIVER IN SOUTH-WEST ANATOLIA, TURKEY
Bülent Yorulmaz, Atakan Sukatar and Murat Barlas

DETERMINING OF AREAS WITH HIGH EROSION RISK IN KÜÇÜK MENDERES RIVER 195
BASIN (WEST ANATOLIA, TURKEY) BY USING MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING METHOD
Ali Ekber Gülersoy and Mehmet Ali Çelik

TROPHIC STATUS AND THREATS IN ZINAV LAKE (TOKAT/ TURKEY) 203
Saliha Dirim Buhan, Nihal Bektaş, Mehmet Ali T. Koçer,Hakan Mete Doğan, Ekrem Buhan and Fatih Polat

APPLICATION OF MULTI-METAL BIOACCUMULATION INDEX 208
AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METALS IN Unio sp. (UNIONIDAE)
COLLECTED FROM TERSAKAN RIVER, MUĞLA, SOUTH-WEST TURKEY
Tuncer Okan Genç, Fevzi Yilmaz, Burak Evren İnanan, Bülent Yorulmaz and Gökhan Ütük

HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION IN BIOINDICATORS OF 216
POLLUTION IN URBAN AREAS OF NORTHEASTERN POLAND
Zbigniew Mazur, Maja Radziemska, Joanna Fronczyk and Jerzy Jeznach

HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF PLANT RAW MATERIAL INTENDED FOR FOOD 224
Elvyra Jariene, Honorata Danilcenk and Maria Jeznach
160
© by PSP Volume 24 – No 1a. 2015 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

COPPER REMOVAL FROM CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER USING 228
NATURAL AND ENGINEERED LIMESTONE SAND IN PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS
Joanna Fronczyk, Maja Radziemska and Zbigniew Mazur

THE SALINITY PROBLEM AT YELKOMA LAGOON (YUMURTALIK-ADANA) 235
AND ITS RESTORATION BY MIXING WITH FRESHWATER FROM CEYHAN RIVER
Harun Aydin, Hüseyin Karakuş and Osman Erdem

DETERMINING NATURAL AND CULTURAL CHANGES AROUND WETLANDS 244
BY MEANS OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY IN EGIRDIR LAKE
Namık Kemal Sonmez, Işın Onur and Sevda Altunbaş

NOTICE
ECOTOURISM, PROTECTED AREAS AND NATURE CONSERVATION 250
Nihan Yenilmez Arpa and Yusuf Ceran

INDEX 258

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© by PSP Volume 24 – No 1a. 2015 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

FOREWORD

The view of humanity on the environment has grown in recent times in different dimensions. His
relationship with the environment has led to different echo in the strata of society. Since the destruc-
tion of the environment on the one hand caused the emergence of the environmental crisis, on the
other hand leads to reducing the chance of survival of future generations. To avoid this, each individ-
ual must look at life in our environment, and protect the creatures bear any responsibility.

This matter needs to be seriously discussed and solutions need to be found both on universal and
local level. International meetings have also the duty to keep such environmental problems before the
eye, and allow the exchange of expert opinion scientists. The 7th International Symposium On Ecol-
ogy And Environmental Problems will forward the following topics in the Symposium:
Environmental Education; -Environmental Law and Philosophy;- Chemical and physical contam-
ination and measures to be taken in the ecosystem; -Tourism and Environment; -Alternative and
Green Energy; -Biodiversity; -Environment and Settlement;- Ecology and Economy Dilemma; -En-
ergy and Environment; -Health, Nutrition and Environment; -Art and Environment:

What should be done to create a platform for climate change. A certain consensus has to be made
between the economic thinking and ecological thinking. The relationship between human health and
pollution should be thoroughly demonstrated. The impact of genetically modified foods on the envi-
ronment and not least on the health of humanity is discussed. To protect against the import of genet-
ics-modified organism (GMO) must be made on a legal basis. The protection of the air, water and
soil should be placed on the agenda and discussed in the context of ecological thinking. Some issues
should be directed to the protection of biodiversity and nature protection. In addition, the method of
using the optimal form of alternative energy sources must be carried forward.

The 7th International Symposium On Ecology And Environmental Problems was organized
by the Hacettepe, Akdeniz and Mehmet Akif Ersoy University with the Ministry of Forestry and
Water Affairs in Turkey and 65 national-and international organisations in Manavgat/Antalya/Turkey
from Dezember 18-21, 2013.

The main results of the 7th Symposium are included in this issue of the international journal
“Fresenius Environmental Bulletin”(FEB) and they will contribute undoubtedly to the advancement
of the environmental scientific knowledge and hence, to the improvement of the environment.

Prof. Dr. Ilhami KİZİROĞLU
Chairman of the Symposium

162
© by PSP Volume 24 – No 1a. 2015 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin

RELATIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM AND WIND ENERGY

İlhami Kiziroğlu¹,* and Ali Erdoğan ²
¹ Hacettepe University, Faculty of Education, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
² Akdeniz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 07058 Antalya, Turkey

Presented at the 7th International Symposium on Ecology and
Environmental Problems (ISEEP2013), December 18-21, 2013, Antalya, Turkey

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS: Wind turbines, wind energy, bird migration, monitor-
ing program, bird deaths, bat deaths

The study explores the amount of energy production

by wind turbines in Turkey, in Europe, and in several other

countries around the world. Annual production of electric
1. INTRODUCTION
energy through the wind turbines in Turkey is only 2493
MW, which accounts for only 5.8% of the total energy con-
The energy need of countries is steadily increasing.
sumption in the country. We discussed the possibilities of
This need is met mainly by traditional sources of energy,
how this amount can be increased to 10%, over the next 3-
as well as coal, petroleum and natural gases. About 81% of
5 years.
energy used on earth derives from the classic energy
Turkey, which has 502 bird species, is a part of the Pa-
sources, namely, fossil fuels energy. Also, everlasting nega-
learctic, and is located on important bird migration routes.
tive effects of nuclear power plants on the environment have
As a result, birds prefer the migration routes on the areas
not yet been eliminated; nevertheless, 6.2% of energy in
where the wind intensity is quite high. Certain areas in Tur-
the world is met by nuclear energy sources [1]. The increas-
key, such as Kapıdagi peninsula, Iskenderun, Izmir, Belen,
ing trend towards the use of fossil energy sources around the
or Adana, are located on high wind intensity routes. Con-
world has also accelerated their negative influences on envi-
tinuous monitoring programs for migratory bird species
ronment and human health. All of these factors result in var-
must be carried out for several years before the wind tur-
ious social and economic problems, including climate
bines are built on such areas.
change on global scale. The energy consumption in Turkey
In this work, we discussed the collision effects of wind as well as in many other countries of the world is met
turbines on birds and bats, based on information obtained mostly by the fossil sources. Because Turkey depends on
from literature and field observations both in Turkey and imports for most of its energy requirements and allocates
in several other countries. For example, the wind turbines about 72% of its budget for this purpose, and needs to elim-
in four states in the eastern part of the United States have inate the negative environmental effects of fossil fuels, the
only 0.003% share for bird deaths in the region. Similarly, country needs to invest for alternative energy sources. Tur-
it was found that only 0.23 individual bats died per year by key has a great chance for alternative green energy and, in
wind turbines in Brandenburg, Germany. Similarly, the this respect, has to activate its solar energy and wind en-
death rates of birds and bats caused by wind turbines are quite ergy potentials [2-4]. Also Hötker [5] has suggested that,
low compared to other human factors in Turkey. as already known before, wind turbines have smaller im-
The available data indicate that death rates of birds and pact on breeding birds than on migrant birds [6-8].
bats by wind turbines in relation to the other factors (e.g. Intensive use of fossil fuels as energy sources has been
by clashing up against glass windows of buildings) is quite the major cause of global climate change, and this de-
low. Therefore, public oppositions against wind turbines are stroyed the balance of the environment due to resulting
not well justified. Considering the ever lasting energy needs CO derivatives [9, 10]. In particular, lives of almost all
2
of mankind and environmental deterioration due fossil living things have been distorted and influenced through
fuels and nuclear energy, establishment of wind turbines as the negative impacts of fossil energy in the environment
green energy sources must be encouraged in appropriate and the ecosystems.
places accomponied by bird observation programs along
In recent years, wind energy appears to be replacing
with recommended implementations proposed by ornitol-
the place of the primary energy sources. According to
ogy reports.
Moidl et al. [11], about 86 000 MW of wind energy has

been produced per year in Europe. A medium-sized wind

turbine produces enough energy per year to meet the needs
* Corresponding author of more than 1250 houses. By the year 2020, the European
163
© by PSP Volume 24 – No 1a. 2015 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
Union countries aim to increase the amount of wind energy In 2013, five countries in the world have produced
to meet 20% of their annual energy consumption [12]. more than 10,000 MW of wind energy. Together, these five
countries produced over 215 726 MW of energy which ac-
This article evaluates the current situation of wind en-
counts for 73% of all WE in the world. Here, China is the
ergy in Turkey, Europe and several other countries around
first one with 80 824 MW (26.7%), the United States is the
the world. Although expansion of wind energy seems to be
second with 60 009 MW (17.6%), Germany is the third
inevitable, the impact of this energy source on the environ-
with 32 422 MW (12.0%), Spain is the fourth with 22 907-
ment also needs to be investigated. This article covers the
MW (8.8%), and India is the fifth (19 564 MW, 6.8%) (Ta-
relationships between wind turbines and their environ-
ble 1).
ments, specifically the effects of wind turbines on birds and
bats. According to the data from wind farm Atlas TUR-
SAT-2012/2 [4], the amount of energy produced by
wind turbines in Turkey is 2041.35 MW with additional
2. THE CURRENT SITUATION OF 452.65 MW under process of construction. It can be said
WIND ENERGY PRODUCTION IN that the amount of current wind energy production was in-
THE WORLD, EUROPE AND TURKEY creased by two times in 2010. The amount of electrical en-
ergy consumed per year in Turkey is about 43,000 MW.
The amount of wind energy represents only 5.8% of the elec-
The amount of electrical energy from the wind was 40
trical energy consumed in Turkey. The country must strive
000 MW in the world, in 2003. Following the announce-
to raise this amount to at least 10% in a very short time.
ment of the law on renewable energy in 2004, amount of
wind energy has increased considerably within a relatively On the continental scale, European countries produce
short time. As one result, amounts of CO emission in the 32.5% of the world wind energy production, Asian coun-
2
world were reduced by about 32 700 000 tonnes (www.ig- tries 34.6%, North Americab countries 22.4%, and other
windkraft.at/fakten). In Tables 1 and 2, the highest wind en- countries 8.8 % (Table 2). The European Union countries
ergy producing countries (and few others for comparative get only 10% of their energy needs through the wind. It is
purposes) are presented in their wind energy production, in expected that the share of renewable energies (including
2011, 2012 and 2013 (end of June). wind energy) in the total energy production in the Euro-
pean Union will raise to 20% by 2020. However, propor-

TABLE 1 - The first fifteen wind energy producing countries in the world in 2011, 2012 and 2013 (Status: end of June) and the status of Turkey
(from: [13-14 ]).
Rank Name of the Total capacity Capacity in- Total capacity Capacity in- Total Capacity at Increase in wind energy
country in June 2013 crease (MW) in at the end of crease (MW) the end of the capacity from the end of
(Megawatts) the first half of the 2012 in the first half year 2011(MW) 2011 by the end of June,
(=MW) 2013 (MW) of 2012 2013
Growth Growth Rate
(MW) %
1 China 80 824 5 500 75 324 5 410 62 364 18 460 22.8
2 USA 60 009 1,6 60 007 2 883 46 919 13 090 21.8
3 Germany 32 422 1 143 31 308 941 29 075 3 347 10.3
4 Spain 22 907 122 22 785 414 21 673 1 411 5,4
5 India 19 564 1243 18 321 1 471 15 880 3684 18.8
6 UK 9610 1331 8228 822 6018 3592 37.4
7 Italy 8415 273 8152 320 6877 1538 18.3
8 France 7821 198 7623 650 6640 1181 15.1
9 Canada 6578 377 6201 246 5265 1 313 20,0
10 Denmark 4578 416 4162 56 3927 651 14.2
11 Portugal 4564 22 4542 19 4379 185 4.1
12 Sweden 4066 526 3743 - 2798 1268 31.2
13 Australia 3059 475 2584 - 2226 833 27.2
14 Brazil 2788 281 2507 118 1429 1359 48.7
15 Japan 2655 41 2614 - 2501 154 5.8
Turkey * 2041.35+452,6¹= 2494** 712.35* 1329 712.35* 65.1
Other Countries 26 204 2030 24 174 3026 18 778 7 426 28.3
TOTAL 296 255 13 980 282 275 16 376 237 717 58 538 19.8
End of 2011- 199 739 Increase Increase %
End of 2013 318 000 118 261 37,2
*: Turkey Wind Farm Atlas TURSAT_2012\2 (Turkish Wind Energy Atlas_2012\/as of July 2, 2012; * *) as of the end of June 2013 after construction,
WEC production Megawatt (MW)
164
© by PSP Volume 24 – No 1a. 2015 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
TABLE 2 - World wind energy (WE) production on continental bases in June (Sources: [14, 15].
Wind Energy (WE) Production In MW WE Production
Countries By Continents 2010-2012 From 2012 to the % Increase From 2010 to the % Increase
End of June in 2013 End of June 2013
European Countries 86.075 96 877 32,5 10 802 11.2
Asian Countries 58.641 103 043 34,6 16 968 16.5
The Countries of North America 44.189 66 587 22,4 22 398 33.6
Other Countries 21 023 26 204 8,8 5 181 19.8
TOTAL 292 711

tion of fossil fuels energy (coal, natural gas and oil) in the same argument is supported by “http:\\ www. Wind-Ener-
total energy consumption in the Union is still more that gie.de-Portal”. Indeed, numbers of WECs using the old tech-
70%. It means that it will take much longer time to replace nology established since 2002 have been decreasing each
fossil fuel energy by renewable energy sources. Therefore, it year. This is attributed to low capacities of old technologies
appears necessary that each country in the Union should take of wind turbines. For this reason, developments of new
initiatives to take necessary steps on this important issue. technologies on wind turbines have been in process in Ge-
many. Therefore, establishment of wind turbines with old
In its 2012 report WWEA indicated that wind energy
technology is not recommended in Turkey. In particular the
production in Europe will double in the next five years.
low capacity 2.5 and 3.5 MW wind energy should not be
[16], at Global Wind Energy Council on the European wind
used (see for example: http://www. enercon.de/ de-de/2-
energy Conference and exhibition in Copenhagen, noted
3mw.htm).
that worldwide wind energy production in 2011 increased

40 500 MW (which amounts to 20% increase), and this in-

creases is expected to be even more in the year 2012. Here
3. BIRD MIGRATION PERIODS
the leading country is China. Despite the fact that Europe
AND MIGRATION ROUTES IN TURKEY
is a leading continent with 96 600 MW, China alone is ap-
proaching to Europe with 82 000 MW. About 80 countries
Common migration routes of birds proceed north to
in the world, 20 of which with wind energy center (WEC)
south (or vice versa), depending on season, either in spring
capacity of more than 1000 MW, have been producing and
or late summer [3, 19-22]. Spring migration season over
using wind energy. Especially, nuclear power plant acci-
Turkey starts in March and lasts until the end of May. Au-
dent in Fukushima in 2011 has been an influential factor to
tumn migration starts at the end of August and continues
avoid nuclear energy and, at the same time, to urge the de-
until the end of October. One of the most important migra-
velopment of renewable energy sources. The tsunami and
tion routes in Turkey comes from Europe and goes through
earthquake completely immobilized few of the 55 nuclear
Bosphorus strait in the western part of the country. The
reactors in Japan. However, all of the 190 WEC started to
other equally important route comes from Caucasia and
fully operate within short time following the earthquake
goes over Artvin Province in the eastern part. Both of these
disaster. Similarly, a wind turbine, which is 300 km away
routes are used mainly by storks and some predatory birds.
from the center of earthquake and hit by five-meter-high
The third route, which is of great importance mainly for
tsunami waves, started to operate again only three hours
cranes and common quail, comes over Black Sea and
after the tsunami hits. Fossil energy sources have multidi-
crosses the Anatolian peninsula [19-22] (Map 1 a and b).
mensional negative impacts on the environment. In addi-
Monitoring programs need to be established and con-
tion, their prices are steadily increasing and creating vari-
tinued in areas with high wind intensities where WECs are
ous economic crisis. All these are the indicators why alter-
already present and/or to be established (for examples, ar-
native energy sources should be sought and encouraged.
eas such as Kapıdağ peninsula, Iskenderun, Izmir, Adana
The argument that the fossil energy is cheaper than re-
and Belen, Map 1 a and b). In Map 1b, the localities of WEC
newable energy is a wrong statement when considered in
and the most important routes of migratory birds are spec-
wide time and space perspectives. For example, each per-
ified. An important route for migratory birds (especially of
son in Europe, on the average, spends about 700 euros
storks, Eurasian buzzard, black kite, short-toed snake ea-
every day for the fossil energy [17].
gle, European honey buzzard, greater spotted eagle, lesser
Germany plays a leading role in Europe in using the spotted eagle and white pelicans) is located in the north of
wind energy. Currently, there are twenty-five thousand Istanbul. After 2-year monitoring of a wind turbine in the
wind energy turbines in Germany, and these turbines are area, only a few dead seagulls were found, but no dead
producing more electrical energy than the electrical energy storks nor birds of prey were observed.That does not mean
produced by 30 nuclear reactors [18]. Therefore, replacing that in the course of time, no collision of birds of prey to
new technological applications instead of the old technol- WEC with twelve turbines in Arnavutköy at Istanbul will
ogy for wind energy turbines are on the agenda [18]. The occur.
165