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Government of Karnalaka United N tlons Decade on Biodiversity ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INOlA 1916 State Fauna Series, 21 FAUNA OF KARNATAKA Edited by The Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata Zoological Survey of India Kolkata (ii) CITATION Editor-Director, 2013. Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21, 1-595. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published September, 2013 ISBN 978-81-8171-332-2 © Govt. of India, 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher's consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable. Printing of this Publication Supported by Karnataka Biodiversity Board PRICE India : ~ 3,000 Foreign : $ 165; £ 115 Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey ofIndia, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 and printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata-700 006. Dipak Sannah, Ph.: Off. :~23343770 I.F.S Res. :~23640468 t'Je:a:li!f6' ~;:mL="', ~.!9.;El~. Fax: 080·23341484 e-mail: poccfl<[email protected] Pn ncipai Chief Conse<Va1.or of Forests (Head of Fores4 Force) •A railya Bhayafl". 41h Floor ;::;~ i:t.l.,;~ ~d~ ~oo't~Q~C 18111 Cross, Malleshwaram (;m;Jad.:. ~dqoo) GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA Bengaluru -560 003 D.O. No. : Date.'·~! £l,s-}J.o'3 FOREWORD The State of Karnataka is a part of the highly biodiversity rich regions of India having five major forest types each having its unique flora and associated fauna. The State has around 4500 species offlowering plants, 600 species of birds, 160 species of reptiles and 160 species mammals and variety of other animal species. Karnataka government has declared around 16% of its total forest area under the Protected Area (PA) network. The State has taken various steps in the direction of increasing the forest cover as well as to safeguard the associated flora and fauna. Similarly, Karnataka is one of the first States to have its own People's Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) in some areas there by empowering the locals to have their voices heard in the State's developmental activities without compromising the true value of local traditions, rural livelihood mechanism and sustainable sharing of biodiversity. I am sure that the document prepared jointly by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) in collaboration with Karnataka State Biodiversity Board, will greatly enhance the people's understanding of biodiversity with regard to some of the lesser known groups of animals. Though the locals, especially tribals have vast knowledge about the animal species with which they share their daily life, their inability to translate such knowledge for wider use among locals seemed as a great impediment till date. I hope that the ZSI document will reach wider audience especially amongst scientists and policy makers at various Government departments of the State in enhancing their understanding about the faunal diversity and their importance in the ecosystem. As expected by the Government of Karnataka, it is good to know that the institutions like the ZSI and BSI have come up with documents highlighting the faunal as well as floral diversity of the State of Karnataka. Our prime target is to organise inter and multidisciplinary institution in inventorying the biodiversity and associated knowledge through periodic monitoring. Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks of the State are the repository of the natural wealth and only by means of dedicated inventory studies we can unravel the new forms of life existing in such areas to the mankind. I sincerely urge all school children and college students and teachers to get a copy of this document to know more about various life forms of animals found within the territory of Karnataka not only to increase the knowledge but to learn to live with such forms for the betterment of our future generations. I appreciate the Director and the scientists of the of ZSI for bringing out such an important document revealing faunal biodiversity associated with various Protected Areas of the State of Karnataka. c;fk~t~~ (Dipak Sarmah) (iv) STATE FAUNA SERIES FAUNA OF KARNATAKA No. 21 2013 1-595 CONTENTS 1. AN OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................ 1 K. Ilango 2. SPONGES ....................................................................................................................................... 7 J. G. Pattanayak and Santanu Mitra 3. MOLLUSCA: FRESHWATER GASTROPODS ...................................................................... 21 V.R. Punithavelu and M.B. Raghunathan 4. ANNELIDA : EARTHWORM ................................................................................................... 33 C.K. Mandai, Santanu Mitra and S. Dhani 5. ANNELIDA: FRESHWATER OLIGOCHAETA ..................................................................... 39 T. Biswas and C.K. Mandai 6. ANNELIDA: LEECHES ............................................................................................................ 51 C.K. Mandai 7. CRUSTACEA: CLADOCERA .................................................................................................. 57 M.B. Raghunathan 8. CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: CARIDEA ................................................................................. 63 RK. Valarmathi and M.B. Raghunathan 9. CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA : GECARCINUCIDAE ............................................................ 73 O.P. Srivastava 10. INSECTA : EPHEMEROPTERA ............................................................................................... 79 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 11. INSECTA : ODONATA ............................................................................................................... 81 K.G. Emiliyamma and K.A.Subramanian 12. INSECTA : PLECOPTERA ........................................................................................................ 85 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 13. INSECTA : ORTHOPTERA ....................................................................................................... 87 D. Prabakar and Kailash Chandra 14. INSECTA: ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDOIDEA .......................................................................... 97 S.K. Mandai, K. Yadav and S. Chakrabarty (vi) 15. DERMAPTERA ......................................................................................................................... 123 Baiju Lal and V.D. Hedge 16. INSECTA: EMBIOPTERA ...................................................................................................... 125 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 17. INSECTA: MANTODEA ......................................................................................................... 127 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 18. INSECTA: HOMOPTERA : MEMBRACIDAE .................................................................... 129 G. Thirumalai and S. Prabakaran 19. INSECTA: HEMIPTERA (AQUATIC AND SEMI-AQUATIC) .......................................... 133 G. Thirumalai 20. INSECTA: NEUROPTERA ..................................................................................................... 163 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 21. INSECTA: COLEOPTERA : TENEBRIONIDAE .................................................................. 167 V. D. Hedge 22. INSECTA :COLEOPTERA : SCARABAEIDAE : SCARABAEINAE DUNG BEETLES .......................... 173 Seena Narayanan Karimbumkara and Priyadarsanan Dharma Rajan 23. INSECTA: DIPTERA : CECIDOMYIIDAE .......................................................................... 179 R.M. Sharma 24. INSECTA : DIPTERA : TABANIDAE ................................................................................... 183 R.M. Sharma 25. INSECTA : DIPTERA : PSYCHODIDAE (MOTH FLIES AND SAND FLIES) .............. 185 K. Ilango 26. INSECTA: DIPTERA: BOMBYLIIDAE ................................................................................. 187 Bulganin Mitra and R.M.sharma 27. INSECTA: DIPTERA : CALLIPHORIDAE .......................................................................... 191 R.M. Sharma and Bulganin Mitra 28. INSECTA : DIPTERA : SARCOPHAGIDAE ........................................................................ 193 R.M. Sharma and Bulganin Mitra 29. INSECTA: SIPHONAPTERA ................................................................................................. 195 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 30. INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA .................................................................... 197 Muhamed Jafer Palot and C. Radhakrishnan 31. INSECTA: TRICHOPTERA .................................................................................................... 207 R.M. Sharma and Kailash Chandra 32. INSECTA : HYMENOPTERA : CHALCIDOIDEA : PTEROMALIDAE .......................... 211 P.M. Sureshan 33. INSECTA : HYMENOPTERA : PLATYGASTROIDEA ...................................................... 219 RAJMOHANA. K (vii) 34. CENTIPEDES (CHILOPODA : SCOLOPENDROMORPHA) ............................................ 225 Vinod Khanna 35. SCORPIONida ............................................................................................................................ 233 T.J.lndra 36. FRESHWATER FISHES ............................................................................................................ 239 K. Rema Devi, T.J. Indra, B.E. Yadav, M.B. Raghunathan, S. Krishan and S.S. Jadav 37. MARINE AND ESTUARINE FISH ........................................................................................ 277 R.P. Barman, S.S. Mishra, A, S. Kar and S.C. Saren 38. AMPHIBIA ................................................................................................................................ 389 Dinesh, K.P., C. Radhakrishnan, Sukumar Ray, P.G.S. Sethy and G.K. Bhatta 39. REPTILES .................................................................................................................................. 435 R. Aengals and M. S. Pradhan 40. AVES ........................................................................................................................................... 467 G. Thirumalai, R. Aengal, S. Krishnan & D. Prabakar 41. MAMMALIA ............................................................................................................................ 495' M.S. Pradhan and S.S. Talmale Zoo I. Surv. India Fauna of Karnataka, State Fauna Series, 21 1-6, 2013 AN OVERVIEW K.ILANGO Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, #130 Santhoome High Road, Chennai- 600 028 [email protected] <mailto: [email protected]> PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5 mm (143 in) per annum, far in excess of the state The state ofKarnatakacovers an areaofl ,91 ,976 average of 1,139 mm (45 in). Agumbe in the square kilometers (74,122 sq mi) which is 5.83% of Shivamogga district receives the second highest the total geographical area ofIndia and lies between annual rainfall in India. The highest recorded latitude 11°32' 40.99' N to 18°20' 36°56' N,longitude temperature is 45.6°C (114°F) at Raichur and the 74°04' 23°08' E to 78°35' 10°96 E. The Karnataka lowest recorded temperature is 2.8°C (37°F) at state comprises 30 districts that are bordered by the Bidar. There are seven river systems in Karnataka Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, with their tributaries, drain the state and flow eastern Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the and western sides. The east flowing rivers are east, Tamil N adu to the southeast, and Kerala to the Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, North Pennar, South southwest. It is the eighth largest Indian state by Pennar, Palar. The water-grid of the state is mainly area and the ninth largest by its population. The composed of 2 major rivers, Krishna and its state is divided meteorologically into three zones tributaries in the north, and the Cauvery and its coastal, north interior and south interior but is tributaries in the south. The principal tributaries of physio-graphically divided into 3 regions namely, Krishna are Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima, (i) the coastal region of Karavali, (ii) the hilly Vedavati and Tungabhadra, while the Cauvery are Malenadu region comprising the Western Ghats, the Harangi, the Hemavathy, the Lakshmanathirtha, (iii) the northern Bayaluseeme region comprising the Kabini, the Shimsha, the Arkavathi and the the plains of the Deccan plateau which constitutes Suvarnavathy. All these rivers except the Kabini greater part of the state and the second-largest arid River, Arkavathy River and Suvarnavathy River region in India. The highest point in Karnataka is originate and downstream into Karnataka. The river the Mullayanagiri hills in Chickmagalur district Cauvery is an Inter-State river in Southern India. It which has an altitude of 1,929 m. is one of the major rivers of the Peninsular India flowing east and running into the Bay of Bengal. RAINFALL AND RIVERINE SYSTEMS The Cauvery rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri The state ofKarnataka being a part of the Western Range of Hill in the Western Ghats, presently in the Ghats experiences four seasons. The winter in Coorg district of the State, at an elevation of 1.341m January and February is followed by summer (4,400 ft.) above mean sea level. The other important between March and May, the southwest monsoon river flowing through the state is Godavari with 5 season between June and September and the tributaries. There are 9 river systems and 8 minor northeast monsoon season from October to till tributaries which are west flowing. In addition to the December. The coastal zone receives the heaviest above main river basins there are 3 independent