Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control and Guidance for Aerospace Vehicles: From Theory to Application PDF
Preview Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control and Guidance for Aerospace Vehicles: From Theory to Application
Advances in Industrial Control Ali Zolghadri David Henry Jérôme Cieslak Denis Efi mov Philippe Goupil Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control and Guidance for Aerospace Vehicles From Theory to Application Advances in Industrial Control Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/1412 Ali Zolghadri • David Henry (cid:129) J e´roˆme Cieslak Denis Efimov (cid:129) Philippe Goupil Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control and Guidance for Aerospace Vehicles From Theory to Application 123 AliZolghadri DavidHenry CNRS,IMSLab CNRS,IMSLab TheUniversityofBordeaux TheUniversityofBordeaux Bordeaux Bordeaux France France Je´roˆmeCieslak DenisEfimov CNRS,IMSLab INRIA-LNE TheUniversityofBordeaux Non-Aproject,ParcScientifique Bordeaux delaHauteBorne France Villeneuved’Ascq France PhilippeGoupil EYCCCFlightControlSystem AirbusOperationsS.A.S.–St.Martin Toulouse France ISSN1430-9491 ISSN2193-1577(electronic) ISBN978-1-4471-5312-2 ISBN978-1-4471-5313-9(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4471-5313-9 SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013945429 ©Springer-VerlagLondon2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Series Editors’ Foreword TheseriesAdvancesinIndustrialControlaimstoreportandencouragetechnology transfer in control engineering. The rapid development of control technology has an impact on all areas of the control discipline. New theory, new controllers, actuators, sensors, new industrial processes, computer methods, new applications, new philosophies:::, new challenges. Much of this development work resides in industrialreports,feasibilitystudypapers,andthereportsofadvancedcollaborative projects. The series offers an opportunity for researchers to present an extended expositionofsuchnewworkinallaspectsofindustrialcontrolforwiderandrapid dissemination. Recently the sister series to Advances in Industrial Control, the Advanced Textbooks in Control and Signal Processing series published a textbook, Robust and Adaptive Control: With Aerospace Applications (ISBN 978-1-4471-4395-6, 2012).ThiswaswrittenbytwoBoeingSeniorTechnicalFellows,DoctorsEugene LavretskyandKevinA.Wise.Thistextbookwasnotableforanumberofreasons: firstly,itwaswrittenbyaeronauticalengineersfromwithintheindustry.Secondly, the textbook demonstrated the use of advanced robust and adaptive control tech- niques for aerospace applications; this shows how successfully advanced control techniques are beginning to penetrate an industry with very strict certification procedures. This Advances in Industrial Control monograph, Fault Diagnosis and Fault- TolerantControlandGuidanceforAerospaceVehicles:FromTheorytoApplication byAliZolghadri,DavidHenry,Je´roˆmeCieslak,DenisEfimov,andPhilippeGoupil, has similar strengths in that it reports work with advanced fault detection and control techniques but is strongly grounded in commercial aeronautical practice. Throughout the monograph are important sections detailing actual current aero- nautical in-service practice, and various demonstrations are presented using, for example, Airbus benchmark models and simulations. This industrial involvement arises from the very nature of European collaborative research projects that must havethecriticalparticipationofindustrialcompanies.Manyacademicandindustrial v vi SeriesEditors’Foreword readerswillfindthismonographarefreshingchangefromthemoreusualacademic controlmonographsthatareoftensodependentonidealizedprocessmodelsinthe examples. Openingthemonographisanintroductorychapter(Chap.1)followedbyChap.2 that is a review chapter. The review material is comprehensive encompassing the industrial state of the art and the academic state of the art in fault detection and relatedcontroltopics. The first three core Chaps. (3, 4, and 5) focus on fault detection and diagnosis (FDD)systemsthatanswerthequestionsofwhetherthereisafaultpresentandthen what exactly that fault is. Model-based theories for FDD and Kalman estimation are two of the methods invoked in the proposed solutions in these chapters. This isfollowedlogicallybythedevelopmentofrecoverycontrolstrategies,inthiscase basedonfault-tolerantcontrol(FTC)methodswhereH1 designisafeatureofthe proposedcontrolsolutions(Chap.6). Chapter 7 moves the application focus into outer space with three application scenariosbeinginvestigated:anobservationsatelliteinEarth’sorbit,anatmosphere reentry vehicle, and a deep space mission. All the applications are linked to European space research projects; so once again there is a valuable association with the reality of ongoing space projects and research. The proposed solutions featureH1designtools.Closingthemonograph,Chap.8presentsconclusionsand aperspectiveonfutureresearchdirections. This monograph showcases much research arising from a number of Euro- pean and French research projects in the aeronautics/aerospace field. The strong underpinning link with industrial activities in this area makes for a strongly applications-oriented text that sits very well within the remit of the Advances in IndustrialControlmonographseries. IndustrialControlCentre M.J.Grimble Glasgow M.A.Johnson Scotland,UK Foreword An important aspect related to airplane flight control is the movement of surfaces on the wing and on the rear tailplane and fin. Wrong movements of these control surfaces may have consequence on the trajectory of the airplane, on the loads of its structure, or on its fuel consumption. Detecting and passivating these wrong movements is absolutely needed. However, the failure detection devices must not cry wolf untimely. False alert to the crew can disturb him from more essential activities. Wrong failure detection may lead to disconnect (automatically or not) resourcesthatcouldbeneededlateronintheflightandinanycaseneedtobefixed later on after landing, and this is a very heavy burden for the airplane operators. Monitoringdevicesmustthusbetoleranttothenormalbehaviorofthesystems(in particular the normal tolerances of sensors, propagated by the functions that are consumingtheiroutput)butmustdetectanysignalthatcouldimpairairplanesafety. Failure detection mechanisms must be squeezed between normal behavior and safetyconstraints.Safetyconstraintscanbealleviatedbyintroducingmarginsinthe trajectoryoftheairplane(increasingseparationinflightbetweenairplanes),margins inthesizingofthestructure,andmarginsintheamountoffueltobeloadedinthe tanks.Thesemarginsarecostlyintermsoffuelburn,thusbothforourenvironment andfortheairlines’bottomline. Any progress in the art of developing fault detection mechanisms is thus welcomed and is even a must for the aviation industry. One should be careful that this is not an easy task. This issue of trustworthy fault detection is not new: it is valid for traditional mechanically controlled airplane and the numerous actuators andelectronicstheyencompass.However,theissuehassignificantlygrownwiththe introductionofflight-by-wireairplaneandthevarietyoferrorsasignalcansupport: wider frequency range of oscillations, dynamic of data runaway, or hardover. Moreover,havingdesignmethodsisjustapartofthestory.Buildingconfidencein these monitoring devices is also mandatory. The art of developing them mustthus plan their validation from the start and must rely on well-proven design methods. The art of fault detection needs thus to provide trustworthy development methods thatwecanjustifiablytrustandtocontinuouslyevolveandimprove. vii viii Foreword This book is particularly valuable, bringing together both imaginative theories andpracticalapplications.PhilippeGoupilandhisacademiccolleagueshavedone hereacontinuousandfruitfulcollaborativeefforttobringthebestexpertiseonthis complexissue. AirbusOperationsS.A.S. Dr.PascalTraverse Toulouse,France Preface Theimpactthattheaerospaceandaviationindustryhasontoday’smodernsociety andworld’seconomyisveryprominent.Assuch,theaerospaceindustrycontinues at the forefront of engineering research and development technologies. The sector needscontinuousimprovementincludinginsertionofnewtechnologies.Generally, new technologies are adopted only when there is a clear need in terms of cost or performancebenefit:anymodificationtotheexistingin-serviceandalreadyproven technical solutions should be motivated, first of all, by a real industrial need. The technology driver is mainly the market pull. On the other hand, despite potential costandperformanceadvantages,newmethodsandtechnologiesentailriskandthus mustundergoextensivedevelopment,validation,andverificationbeforetheycanbe transitionedtoreal-worldsystems.Thisisespeciallytrueforaerospaceandaircraft systems. Recent developments in control engineering have had attractive potential forresolvingnumerousissuesrelatedtoguidance,navigation,andcontrol(GNC)of flightvehicles.Satisfyingthemoreandmorestringentflightrequirementsrequires innovative Fault Detection, Identification, and Recovery (FDIR) approaches and mechanization schemes which can help achieve improved flight performance and reliability, self-protection, and autonomy. The challenges range from predesign and design stages for upcoming and new programs to the improvement of the performanceforin-serviceflyingsystems.Manyfuturespacemissionswillrequire increased onboard autonomy including fault diagnosis and the subsequent control andguidancerecoveryactions.Autonomysupportscost-effectiveaccomplishment of mission goals, and space missions lacking onboard autonomy will be unable to achieve the full range of advanced mission objectives. On the other hand, one of the main issues for the development of future aircraft programs is to improve “green transport,” that is, to provide society with an air transport that leaves a smaller carbon footprint. Sustainable air transport will be a serious worldwide challenge,giventheanticipatedincreaseintrafficvolumeandcontinuingexpansion of the world’s aviation network with greater aviation connectivity. This will need continuing technological progress in the design of all aircraft systems: airframes, propulsion systems, airborne systems, software and hardware, communications, navigation, control and guidance, etc. At first sight, the link between innovating ix
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