Fats in Animal Nutrition

501 Pages·1984·8.183 MB·English

by  J. Wiseman (Auth.)

Proceedings of Previous Easter Schools in Agricultural Science, published by Butterworths,
London
•SOIL ZOOLOGY Edited by D. K. McL. Kevan (1955)
*THE GROWTH OF LEAVES edited by F. L. Milthorpe (1956)
•CONTROL OF THE PLANT ENVIRONMENT edited by J. P. Hudson (1957)
•NUTRITION OF THE LEGUMES edited by E. G. Hallsworth (1958)
•THE MEASUREMENT OF GRASSLAND PRODUCTIVITY Edited by J. D. Ivins
(1959)
•DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION OF THE RUMINANT Edited by D.
Lewis (1960)
•NUTRITION OF PIGS AND POULTRY Edited by J. T. Morgan and D. Lewis (1961)
•ANTIBIOTICS IN AGRICULTURE Edited by A. M. Woodbine (1962)
•THE GROWTH OF THE POTATO Edited by J. D. Ivins and F. L. Milthorpe (1963)
•EXPERIMENTAL PEDOLOGY Edited by E. G. Hallsworth and D. V. Crawford (1964)
•THE GROWTH OF CEREALS AND GRASSES Edited by F. L. Milthorpe and J. D.
Ivins (1965)
•REPRODUCTION IN THE FEMALE MAMMAL Edited by G. E. Lamming and E. C.
Amoroso (1967)
•GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAMMALS Edited by G. A Lodge and G. E.
Lamming (1968)
•ROOT GROWTH Edited by W. J. Whittington (1968)
•PROTEINS AS HUMAN FOOD Edited by R. A. Lawrie (1970)
•LACTATION Edited by I. R. Falconer (1971)
•PIG PRODUCTION Edited by D. J. A. Cole (1972)
•SEED ECOLOGY Edited by W. Heydecker (1973)
HEAT LOSS FROM ANIMALS AND MAN: ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL Edited
by J. L. Monteith and L. E. Mount (1974)
•MEAT Edited by D. J. A. Cole and R. A. Lawrie (1975)
•PRINCIPLES OF CATTLE PRODUCTION Edited by Henry Swan and W. H. Broster
(1976)
•LIGHT AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT Edited by H. Smith (1976)
PLANT PROTEINS Edited by G. Norton (1977)
ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOSIS IN AGRICULTURE Edited by M. Woodbine
(1977)
CONTROL OF OVULATION Edited by D. B. Crighton, N. B. Haynes, G. R. Foxcroft
and G. E. Lamming (1978)
POLYSACCHARIDES IN FOOD Edited by J. M. V. Blanshard and J. R. Mitchell
(1979)
SEED PRODUCTION Edited by P. D. Hebblethwaite (1980)
PROTEIN DEPOSITION IN ANIMALS Edited by P. J. Buttery and D. B. Lindsay
(1981)
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES LIMITING PLANT PRODUCTIVITY Edited by C.
Johnson (1981)
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HOUSING FOR ANIMAL
PRODUCTION Edited by J. A. Clark (1981)
EFFECTS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION IN AGRICULTURE AND
HORTICULTURE Edited by M.H. Unsworth and D.P. Ormrod (1982)
CHEMICAL MANIPULATION OF CROP GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Edited
byJ.S. McLaren (1982)
CONTROL OF PIG REPRODUCTION Edited by D.J.A. Cole and G.R. Foxcroft
(1982)
SHEEP PRODUCTION Edited by W. Haresign (1983)
UPGRADING WASTE FOR FEEDS AND FOOD Edited by D.A. Ledward, A.J.
Taylor and R. A. Lawrie (1983)
• These titles are now out of print but are available in microfiche editions
Fats in Animal Nutrition
J. WISEMAN, PhD
University of Nottingham School of Agriculture
BUTTERWORTHS
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First published 1984
© The several contributors named in the list of contents 1984
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Fats in animal nutrition.
1. Fats in animal nutrition
2. Fat—Metabolism
I. Wiseman, J.
636.089'2397 SF98.F3
ISBN 0-408-10864-9
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Fats in animal nutrition.
Proceedings of the 37th Nottingham Easter School.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Oils and fats in animal nutrition—Congresses.
J. Wiseman, J. (Julian) II. Easter School jn Agricultural
Science (37th : 1983? : University of Nottingham?)
SF98.034F38 1984 636.08'52 1*4-352
ISBN 0-408-10864-9
Typeset by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Anchor Brendon Ltd,
Tiptree, Essex
PREFACE
The incorporation of fats and oils into diets for farmed animals is receiving
an increasing amount of attention and the objective Of the 37th Easter
School in Agricultural Science was a thorough appraisal of their nutritional
role. Traditionally, they have been regarded merely as suppliers of
energy-yielding ingredients and accordingly have been assigned a some-
what arbitrary dietary energy value. An appreciation of the complexities of
lipid digestion, absorption and transport has revealed that fats and oils are
extremely variable commodities, and that their chemical structure has a
marked influence upon their nutritive value. Lipids are also suppliers of
fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids. Adequate health status and
optimum levels of performance of animals may be achieved only if there is
a thorough understanding of the mode of action of these nutrients. The
utilization of lipids in animal feeding systems was considered subsequently,
and this was followed by a review of the importance of carcase fat. Finally,
practical problems associated with the blending of fats and oils in feed mills
were discussed.
Whilst it is accepted that investigations are far from complete, it is hoped
that this book, in gathering together information from many diverse
disciplines, will provide a useful text for all those interested in the
nutritional utilization of lipids.
UNITS
SI units have been used throughout the text. Where necessary the
following conversion factors were used:
1 Cal (kcal) = 0.004184 MJ
1 psi = 6.9 kPa
The following conventions were used for fatty acid nomenclature. For
brevity, common names were used in the text and, in the absence of these,
the systematic name. Shorthand notations were adopted for tables and
figures. Unsaturated fatty acids assume the cis configuration unless other-
wise stated. For some texts, it is useful to refer to families of unsaturated
fatty acids. The η system is used, where η is the length of the carbon chain
and is followed by a number which indicates the position of the first double
bond (the carbon atom in the terminal methyl group being number 1).
Branched-chain fatty acids are referred to in Table 1.2 (Chapter 1).
Systematic Common Shorthand
name name notation
1. Saturated Ethanoic Acetic 2:0
Propanoic Propionic 3:0
Butanoic Butyric 4:0
Hexanoic Caproic 6:0
Octanoic Caprylic 8:0
Decanoic Capric 10:0
Dodecanoic Laurie 12:0
Tetradecanoic Myristic 14:0
Hexadecanoic Palmitic 16:0
Octadecanoic Stearic 18:0
Eicosanoic Arachidic 20:0
Docosanoic Behenic 22:0
Te9tracosanoic Lignoceric 24:0
9
2. Monoethenoic Δ Tetradecenoic Myristoleic 9-14:1
9
Δ Hexadecenoic Palmitoleic 9-16:1
9ί
Δ1 1O1ctadecenoic Oleic 9-18:1
Δ11 Octadecenoic Elaidic 9t-18:l
Δ Octadecenoic Vaccenic llt-18:l
Δ Eicosenoic Gondoic 11-20:1
Systematic Common Shorthand
na1m1e name notation
13
Δ Docosenoic Cetoleic 11-22:1
Δ9 2D1ocosenoic Erucic 13-22:1
3. Dienoic Δ69 12Octadecadienoic α linoleic 9,12-18:2
9 ,51 2 1
4. Trienoic A ' ' Octadecatrienoic γ linolenic 6,9,12-18:3
Δ Octadecatrienoic α linolenic 9,12,15-18:3
^8,11,14 Eicosatrienoic dihomo-y-linolenic 8,11,14-20:3
5. Tetraenoic ^5,8,11,14 Eicosatetraenoic Arachidonic 5,8,11,14-20:4
6. Pentaenoic ^5,8,11,14,17 Eicosapentaenoic 5,8,11,14,17-20:5
^4,8,12,15,19 Docosapentaenoic Clupanodonic 4,8,12,15,19-22:5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The contributions of those who presented papers at the conference and
their assistance with the preparation of the proceedings is gratefully
acknowledged. The meeting was opened by Professor J.D. Ivins, CBE and
the sessions chaired by Dr A.G. Garton, FRS, Prof. J.M. Hawthorne, Dr
K.N. Boorman, Prof. D. Lewis, Dr T. Walker, Mr G. Harrington and Mr
A. de Mulder
The following organizations provided financial assistance as an invalu-
able contribution towards the expenses of speakers:
Colborn-Dawes Nutrition Ltd
Dalgety Spillers Agriculture Ltd
Favor Parker Ltd
Imperial Chemical Industries PLC
Insta-Pro (UK) Ltd
Vitafoods Northern Ltd
International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers
Kemin (UK) Ltd
National Renderers Association, Inc
Nitrovit Ltd
Nutec Ltd
W.J. Oldacre Ltd
Procter and Gamble Ltd
Prosper de Mulder Ltd
RHM Agriculture Ltd
Roche Products Ltd
Rumenco Ltd
Smith Kline Animal Health Ltd
Sun Valley Poultry Ltd
Vitafoods Northern Ltd
Finally, the secretarial skills of Mrs Jose Newcombe and Mrs Shirley
Bruce, together with the administrative and catering staff and the students
who helped, ensured the smooth running of the conference.
1
THE CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF PLANT FATS
AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE
M.I. GURR
Nutrition Department, National Institute for Research in Dairying,
Shinfield, ReadingRG2 9AT, UK
The commercial importance of plant fats
The total world production of seed oils in 1981/82 was 43 million metric
tonnes. Most of this was for human consumption but the animal feeds
business in the UK currently uses about 75000 tonnes per annum. Of the
several hundred varieties of plants known to have oil-bearing seeds, only a
dozen are significant commercially and three of these are used entirely for
industrial purposes other than as edible oils {Table 1.1). The value of plant
fats in nutritional terms cannot be judged entirely by the figures for edible
oil production, since leaf crops, although having a low fat content, provide
significant quantities of nutritionally important fats to grazing animals.
Types of plant lipids
Structural lipids
The leaves of higher plants contain up to 7% of their dry weight as lipids,
some of which are present as surface lipids, the others as components of
leaf cells, especially the chloroplast membranes (Hitchcock and Nichols,
1971). The surface lipids are often referred to as waxes, a term that strictly
should be reserved for the esters of long-chain alcohols with fatty acids
which form a major fraction of the surface lipid mixture. However, the
surface lipids also comprise long-chain (C29) hydrocarbons, free fatty
acids, and alcohols and ketones. The cuticle, or thick outer part of some
plant epidermal cells, contains in addition to the waxes, a lipid fraction,
cutin, that is not extractable with organic solvent and which comprises
cross-linked polymers of hydroxy and normal fatty acids (Kolattukudy,
1975).
The major leaf lipids are those associated with cellular membranes. The
lipids of plasma membranes, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are
predominantly phospholipids that are not fundamentally different from
those located in animal membranes: phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl
ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl
3
Table 1.1 SOME COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT OIL SEED CROPS
(c)
Seed Oil Major fatty World total of Chief producing Major uses
content acid(s) oil production areas
((%%)) (Ό00 metric tons)
1976 198213
Soya bean 13-20 9,12-18:2 10250 14700 USA, Brazil, China Margarine, cooking oil, salad
(Glycine hispida) oil, ice cream, paints, soap
Groundnut (peanut) 45 9,12-18:2 3160 2900 India, China, Africa, USA Margarine, cooking oil, salad
(Arachis hypogaea) oil, ice cream
Coconut 63 12:0 3130 3200 Philippines, Indonesia Margarine, cooking oil, soap,
(Cocos nucifera) lubricants
Sunflower 40 9,12-18:2 2809 5800 USSR, Argentina Margarine, cooking oil, salad
(())aa
(Helianthus annuus) oil, soaps, paints
b
Oil palm: Palm oil 5500 16:0, 9-18:1 2660 5000 W. Africa, Malaysia, Margarine, shortenings, biscuit
Palm kernel oil 50<> 12:0 527 900 Indonesia fats, frying fat, biscuit and
(Elaeis guineensis) confectionery fats, ice cream,
soap
Rape 35-40 13-22:1 2520 4600 India, China, Canada, Margarine, cooking oils, salad
(Brassica napus) 9-18:1 in zero Poland, France, Sweden oils, lubricants
erucic varieties
Cotton 15-23 9,12-18:2,9-18:1 2500 3300 USSR, China, USA Margarine, cooking oils, salad
(Gossypium hirsutum) oils
Olive 15 9-18:1 1370 2000 Italy, Spain, Greece Salad oils, preserving oils,
( Olea sativa) soaps
Linseed 30-40 9,12,15-18:3 630 760 Canada, USA, Argentina Paints, varnishes and other
(Linum usitatissimum) industrial uses
Sesame 50 9-18:1,9,12-18:2 610 660 India, China, Mexico Table oils
(Sesame indicum )
Castor 45 OH-18:l 280 370 Brazil, India Paints, lubricants, plastics
(Ricinus communis)
Tung 9,llt,13t-18:3 115 100 Argentina Paints, varnishes
((Aaleu)rites fordii)
( b )
: % of mesocarp
( c )
: % of kernel
: 1982/3 are forecast figures
Storage
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH2.O.CO.CH2(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7CH3
Wax esters
o
1
II
2O H2COCR
II I
R C O-C-H
3
H2COCR
Triacylglycerols
Structura/
ΌH2COH - echthoalinnoel amine
serine
inositol
glycerol
^ Ο ÇH2
1
HO HOJ- OO- -CH2 1
CHOCOR 2 2Ο CHzOCR
II I
HO CH2OCOR R C O-C-H 0
I 11
1,2-diacyl-[«-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 6')-β-0- CH2 O-P-O-
galactopyra nosy 1(1 ' -> 3))-sn-glycerol
f Digalactosyl \
\ diacylglycerol J
Phosphatidyl-x
H2COH
HO J Ο Ο CH2 1
2
V? * * ^l CHOCOR
CH2OCOR
OH
1,2-diacyl-[p-D-galactopyranosyl(1 ' -> 3)|-sn-glycerol
(
Monogalactosyl \
diacylglycerol J
H2C-S03H D-quin ovose is
6-deoxy-D-glucose
Note the carbon-
sulphur bond.
j ^ ôl
1
0 f O ÇH2
HOCOR
0H I
1,2-diacyl-[6-sulpho-a-0-quinovopyranosyl-(1 ' -> 3)]-sn-glycerol
/ Plant sulpholipid
I (sulphoquinovosyl
\ diacylglycerol)
Figure 1.1 Structures of some important plant lipids