ebook img

Fats in Animal Nutrition PDF

501 Pages·1984·8.183 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Fats in Animal Nutrition

Proceedings of Previous Easter Schools in Agricultural Science, published by Butterworths, London •SOIL ZOOLOGY Edited by D. K. McL. Kevan (1955) *THE GROWTH OF LEAVES edited by F. L. Milthorpe (1956) •CONTROL OF THE PLANT ENVIRONMENT edited by J. P. Hudson (1957) •NUTRITION OF THE LEGUMES edited by E. G. Hallsworth (1958) •THE MEASUREMENT OF GRASSLAND PRODUCTIVITY Edited by J. D. Ivins (1959) •DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND NUTRITION OF THE RUMINANT Edited by D. Lewis (1960) •NUTRITION OF PIGS AND POULTRY Edited by J. T. Morgan and D. Lewis (1961) •ANTIBIOTICS IN AGRICULTURE Edited by A. M. Woodbine (1962) •THE GROWTH OF THE POTATO Edited by J. D. Ivins and F. L. Milthorpe (1963) •EXPERIMENTAL PEDOLOGY Edited by E. G. Hallsworth and D. V. Crawford (1964) •THE GROWTH OF CEREALS AND GRASSES Edited by F. L. Milthorpe and J. D. Ivins (1965) •REPRODUCTION IN THE FEMALE MAMMAL Edited by G. E. Lamming and E. C. Amoroso (1967) •GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAMMALS Edited by G. A Lodge and G. E. Lamming (1968) •ROOT GROWTH Edited by W. J. Whittington (1968) •PROTEINS AS HUMAN FOOD Edited by R. A. Lawrie (1970) •LACTATION Edited by I. R. Falconer (1971) •PIG PRODUCTION Edited by D. J. A. Cole (1972) •SEED ECOLOGY Edited by W. Heydecker (1973) HEAT LOSS FROM ANIMALS AND MAN: ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL Edited by J. L. Monteith and L. E. Mount (1974) •MEAT Edited by D. J. A. Cole and R. A. Lawrie (1975) •PRINCIPLES OF CATTLE PRODUCTION Edited by Henry Swan and W. H. Broster (1976) •LIGHT AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT Edited by H. Smith (1976) PLANT PROTEINS Edited by G. Norton (1977) ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOSIS IN AGRICULTURE Edited by M. Woodbine (1977) CONTROL OF OVULATION Edited by D. B. Crighton, N. B. Haynes, G. R. Foxcroft and G. E. Lamming (1978) POLYSACCHARIDES IN FOOD Edited by J. M. V. Blanshard and J. R. Mitchell (1979) SEED PRODUCTION Edited by P. D. Hebblethwaite (1980) PROTEIN DEPOSITION IN ANIMALS Edited by P. J. Buttery and D. B. Lindsay (1981) PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES LIMITING PLANT PRODUCTIVITY Edited by C. Johnson (1981) ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HOUSING FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION Edited by J. A. Clark (1981) EFFECTS OF GASEOUS AIR POLLUTION IN AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Edited by M.H. Unsworth and D.P. Ormrod (1982) CHEMICAL MANIPULATION OF CROP GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Edited byJ.S. McLaren (1982) CONTROL OF PIG REPRODUCTION Edited by D.J.A. Cole and G.R. Foxcroft (1982) SHEEP PRODUCTION Edited by W. Haresign (1983) UPGRADING WASTE FOR FEEDS AND FOOD Edited by D.A. Ledward, A.J. Taylor and R. A. Lawrie (1983) • These titles are now out of print but are available in microfiche editions Fats in Animal Nutrition J. WISEMAN, PhD University of Nottingham School of Agriculture BUTTERWORTHS London Boston Durban Singapore Sydney Toronto Wellington AU rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, without the written permission of the copyright holder, application for which should be addressed to the Publishers. Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. This book is sold subject to the Standard Conditions of Sale of Net Books and may not be re-sold in the UK below the net price given by the Publishers in their current price list. First published 1984 © The several contributors named in the list of contents 1984 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Fats in animal nutrition. 1. Fats in animal nutrition 2. Fat—Metabolism I. Wiseman, J. 636.089'2397 SF98.F3 ISBN 0-408-10864-9 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Fats in animal nutrition. Proceedings of the 37th Nottingham Easter School. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Oils and fats in animal nutrition—Congresses. J. Wiseman, J. (Julian) II. Easter School jn Agricultural Science (37th : 1983? : University of Nottingham?) SF98.034F38 1984 636.08'52 1*4-352 ISBN 0-408-10864-9 Typeset by Scribe Design, Gillingham, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain by Anchor Brendon Ltd, Tiptree, Essex PREFACE The incorporation of fats and oils into diets for farmed animals is receiving an increasing amount of attention and the objective Of the 37th Easter School in Agricultural Science was a thorough appraisal of their nutritional role. Traditionally, they have been regarded merely as suppliers of energy-yielding ingredients and accordingly have been assigned a some- what arbitrary dietary energy value. An appreciation of the complexities of lipid digestion, absorption and transport has revealed that fats and oils are extremely variable commodities, and that their chemical structure has a marked influence upon their nutritive value. Lipids are also suppliers of fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids. Adequate health status and optimum levels of performance of animals may be achieved only if there is a thorough understanding of the mode of action of these nutrients. The utilization of lipids in animal feeding systems was considered subsequently, and this was followed by a review of the importance of carcase fat. Finally, practical problems associated with the blending of fats and oils in feed mills were discussed. Whilst it is accepted that investigations are far from complete, it is hoped that this book, in gathering together information from many diverse disciplines, will provide a useful text for all those interested in the nutritional utilization of lipids. UNITS SI units have been used throughout the text. Where necessary the following conversion factors were used: 1 Cal (kcal) = 0.004184 MJ 1 psi = 6.9 kPa The following conventions were used for fatty acid nomenclature. For brevity, common names were used in the text and, in the absence of these, the systematic name. Shorthand notations were adopted for tables and figures. Unsaturated fatty acids assume the cis configuration unless other- wise stated. For some texts, it is useful to refer to families of unsaturated fatty acids. The η system is used, where η is the length of the carbon chain and is followed by a number which indicates the position of the first double bond (the carbon atom in the terminal methyl group being number 1). Branched-chain fatty acids are referred to in Table 1.2 (Chapter 1). Systematic Common Shorthand name name notation 1. Saturated Ethanoic Acetic 2:0 Propanoic Propionic 3:0 Butanoic Butyric 4:0 Hexanoic Caproic 6:0 Octanoic Caprylic 8:0 Decanoic Capric 10:0 Dodecanoic Laurie 12:0 Tetradecanoic Myristic 14:0 Hexadecanoic Palmitic 16:0 Octadecanoic Stearic 18:0 Eicosanoic Arachidic 20:0 Docosanoic Behenic 22:0 Te9tracosanoic Lignoceric 24:0 9 2. Monoethenoic Δ Tetradecenoic Myristoleic 9-14:1 9 Δ Hexadecenoic Palmitoleic 9-16:1 9ί Δ1 1O1ctadecenoic Oleic 9-18:1 Δ11 Octadecenoic Elaidic 9t-18:l Δ Octadecenoic Vaccenic llt-18:l Δ Eicosenoic Gondoic 11-20:1 Systematic Common Shorthand na1m1e name notation 13 Δ Docosenoic Cetoleic 11-22:1 Δ9 2D1ocosenoic Erucic 13-22:1 3. Dienoic Δ69 12Octadecadienoic α linoleic 9,12-18:2 9 ,51 2 1 4. Trienoic A ' ' Octadecatrienoic γ linolenic 6,9,12-18:3 Δ Octadecatrienoic α linolenic 9,12,15-18:3 ^8,11,14 Eicosatrienoic dihomo-y-linolenic 8,11,14-20:3 5. Tetraenoic ^5,8,11,14 Eicosatetraenoic Arachidonic 5,8,11,14-20:4 6. Pentaenoic ^5,8,11,14,17 Eicosapentaenoic 5,8,11,14,17-20:5 ^4,8,12,15,19 Docosapentaenoic Clupanodonic 4,8,12,15,19-22:5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The contributions of those who presented papers at the conference and their assistance with the preparation of the proceedings is gratefully acknowledged. The meeting was opened by Professor J.D. Ivins, CBE and the sessions chaired by Dr A.G. Garton, FRS, Prof. J.M. Hawthorne, Dr K.N. Boorman, Prof. D. Lewis, Dr T. Walker, Mr G. Harrington and Mr A. de Mulder The following organizations provided financial assistance as an invalu- able contribution towards the expenses of speakers: Colborn-Dawes Nutrition Ltd Dalgety Spillers Agriculture Ltd Favor Parker Ltd Imperial Chemical Industries PLC Insta-Pro (UK) Ltd Vitafoods Northern Ltd International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers Kemin (UK) Ltd National Renderers Association, Inc Nitrovit Ltd Nutec Ltd W.J. Oldacre Ltd Procter and Gamble Ltd Prosper de Mulder Ltd RHM Agriculture Ltd Roche Products Ltd Rumenco Ltd Smith Kline Animal Health Ltd Sun Valley Poultry Ltd Vitafoods Northern Ltd Finally, the secretarial skills of Mrs Jose Newcombe and Mrs Shirley Bruce, together with the administrative and catering staff and the students who helped, ensured the smooth running of the conference. 1 THE CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF PLANT FATS AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE M.I. GURR Nutrition Department, National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, ReadingRG2 9AT, UK The commercial importance of plant fats The total world production of seed oils in 1981/82 was 43 million metric tonnes. Most of this was for human consumption but the animal feeds business in the UK currently uses about 75000 tonnes per annum. Of the several hundred varieties of plants known to have oil-bearing seeds, only a dozen are significant commercially and three of these are used entirely for industrial purposes other than as edible oils {Table 1.1). The value of plant fats in nutritional terms cannot be judged entirely by the figures for edible oil production, since leaf crops, although having a low fat content, provide significant quantities of nutritionally important fats to grazing animals. Types of plant lipids Structural lipids The leaves of higher plants contain up to 7% of their dry weight as lipids, some of which are present as surface lipids, the others as components of leaf cells, especially the chloroplast membranes (Hitchcock and Nichols, 1971). The surface lipids are often referred to as waxes, a term that strictly should be reserved for the esters of long-chain alcohols with fatty acids which form a major fraction of the surface lipid mixture. However, the surface lipids also comprise long-chain (C29) hydrocarbons, free fatty acids, and alcohols and ketones. The cuticle, or thick outer part of some plant epidermal cells, contains in addition to the waxes, a lipid fraction, cutin, that is not extractable with organic solvent and which comprises cross-linked polymers of hydroxy and normal fatty acids (Kolattukudy, 1975). The major leaf lipids are those associated with cellular membranes. The lipids of plasma membranes, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are predominantly phospholipids that are not fundamentally different from those located in animal membranes: phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl 3 Table 1.1 SOME COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT OIL SEED CROPS (c) Seed Oil Major fatty World total of Chief producing Major uses content acid(s) oil production areas ((%%)) (Ό00 metric tons) 1976 198213 Soya bean 13-20 9,12-18:2 10250 14700 USA, Brazil, China Margarine, cooking oil, salad (Glycine hispida) oil, ice cream, paints, soap Groundnut (peanut) 45 9,12-18:2 3160 2900 India, China, Africa, USA Margarine, cooking oil, salad (Arachis hypogaea) oil, ice cream Coconut 63 12:0 3130 3200 Philippines, Indonesia Margarine, cooking oil, soap, (Cocos nucifera) lubricants Sunflower 40 9,12-18:2 2809 5800 USSR, Argentina Margarine, cooking oil, salad (())aa (Helianthus annuus) oil, soaps, paints b Oil palm: Palm oil 5500 16:0, 9-18:1 2660 5000 W. Africa, Malaysia, Margarine, shortenings, biscuit Palm kernel oil 50<> 12:0 527 900 Indonesia fats, frying fat, biscuit and (Elaeis guineensis) confectionery fats, ice cream, soap Rape 35-40 13-22:1 2520 4600 India, China, Canada, Margarine, cooking oils, salad (Brassica napus) 9-18:1 in zero Poland, France, Sweden oils, lubricants erucic varieties Cotton 15-23 9,12-18:2,9-18:1 2500 3300 USSR, China, USA Margarine, cooking oils, salad (Gossypium hirsutum) oils Olive 15 9-18:1 1370 2000 Italy, Spain, Greece Salad oils, preserving oils, ( Olea sativa) soaps Linseed 30-40 9,12,15-18:3 630 760 Canada, USA, Argentina Paints, varnishes and other (Linum usitatissimum) industrial uses Sesame 50 9-18:1,9,12-18:2 610 660 India, China, Mexico Table oils (Sesame indicum ) Castor 45 OH-18:l 280 370 Brazil, India Paints, lubricants, plastics (Ricinus communis) Tung 9,llt,13t-18:3 115 100 Argentina Paints, varnishes ((Aaleu)rites fordii) ( b ) : % of mesocarp ( c ) : % of kernel : 1982/3 are forecast figures Storage CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CH2.O.CO.CH2(CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7CH3 Wax esters o 1 II 2O H2COCR II I R C O-C-H 3 H2COCR Triacylglycerols Structura/ ΌH2COH - echthoalinnoel amine serine inositol glycerol ^ Ο ÇH2 1 HO HOJ- OO- -CH2 1 CHOCOR 2 2Ο CHzOCR II I HO CH2OCOR R C O-C-H 0 I 11 1,2-diacyl-[«-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 6')-β-0- CH2 O-P-O- galactopyra nosy 1(1 ' -> 3))-sn-glycerol f Digalactosyl \ \ diacylglycerol J Phosphatidyl-x H2COH HO J Ο Ο CH2 1 2 V? * * ^l CHOCOR CH2OCOR OH 1,2-diacyl-[p-D-galactopyranosyl(1 ' -> 3)|-sn-glycerol ( Monogalactosyl \ diacylglycerol J H2C-S03H D-quin ovose is 6-deoxy-D-glucose Note the carbon- sulphur bond. j ^ ôl 1 0 f O ÇH2 HOCOR 0H I 1,2-diacyl-[6-sulpho-a-0-quinovopyranosyl-(1 ' -> 3)]-sn-glycerol / Plant sulpholipid I (sulphoquinovosyl \ diacylglycerol) Figure 1.1 Structures of some important plant lipids

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.