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Fatigue in sport and exercise PDF

271 Pages·2015·3.826 MB·English
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Fatigue in Sport and Exercise Fatigue is an important concern for all athletes, sportspeople and coaches, and in clinical exercise science. There remains considerable debate about the definition of fatigue, what causes it, what its impact is during different forms of exercise, and what the best methods are to combat fatigue and improve performance. This is the first student-focused book to survey the contemporary research evidence into exercise-induced fatigue and to discuss how knowledge of fatigue can be applied in sport and exercise contexts. The book examines the different ‘types’ of fatigue and the difficulties of identifying which types are prevalent during different types of exercise. It introduces the fundamental science of fatigue, focusing predominantly on physiological and neuromuscular aspects, and explores key topics in detail, such as energy depletion, lactic acid, dehydration, electrolytes and minerals, and the perception of fatigue. Every chapter includes real case studies from sport and exercise, as well as useful features to aid learning and understanding, such as definitions of key terms, guides to further reading, discussion questions, and principles for training and applied practice. Fatigue in Sport and Exercise is an invaluable companion for any degree-level course in sport and exercise physiology, fitness and training, or strength and conditioning. Shaun Phillips is Lecturer in Sport, Physical Education, and Health Sciences (Sports Physiology) at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. His research interests include perceptual and self-regulation of exercise performance, fatigue mechanisms in short-duration and endurance exercise, and the impact of novel exercise interventions for improving mental health. Shaun is an invited reviewer for a number of international peer-reviewed journals, and has provided research and consultancy services for numerous elite and professional sport and health organizations. This page intentionally left blank Fatigue in Sport and Exercise Shaun Phillips First published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 S. Phillips The right of S. Phillips to be identified as the author of this volume has been asserted in accordance with Sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice:Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Phillips, Shaun (Shaun Martyn) Fatigue in sport and exercise / Shaun Phillips. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Exercise – Physiological aspects. 2. Sports – Physiological aspects. 3. Fatigue. I. Title. QP321.P477 2015 612.7′6 – dc23 2014037639 ISBN: 978-0-415-74222-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-81485-8 (ebk) Typeset in Goudy by Florence Production Limited, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK To Jody, for her patience and support. To my parents, for everything. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of illustrations ix Preface xii PART I What is fatigue? 1 1 Defining and measuring fatigue in sport and exercise 3 PART II What causes (and what does not cause) fatigue in sport and exercise? 29 2 Energy depletion 31 3 Metabolic acidosis 57 4 Dehydration and hyperthermia 78 5 Potassium and calcium 110 6 Central fatigue and central regulation of performance 139 PART III Fatigue: is it the same for everyone? 179 7 Factors influencing the causes of fatigue 181 viii Contents PART IV Summary: where next? 237 8 Conclusion 239 Index 249 Illustrations Figures 1.1 A schematic of the cardiovascular/anaerobic/catastrophic model of exercise performance 8 1.2 A person preparing to undertake a maximal voluntary contraction of the quadriceps muscles 14 1.3 Surface electromyography of the quadriceps muscles 17 1.4 Electromyography activity during repeated quadriceps contractions at 30% of initial maximal voluntary contraction in relation to the maximal voluntary contraction force 18 1.5 Antecubital venous blood sampling and capillary earlobe sampling 20 2.1 Adenosine triphosphate, the most important source of chemical energy in the body 32 2.2 Relative energy system contribution to ATP resynthesis, as a percentage of total energy, during sprints of different durations 35 2.3 Exercise duration at a set work rate on a cycle ergometer following ingestion of one of three different diets (high protein and fat, mixed macronutrient, high carbohydrate) 38 2.4 Muscle glycogen concentration at rest and various stages of prolonged cycling exercise and muscle ATP concentration at the same points during the same exercise bout 41 2.5 Schematic of a muscle sarcomere and surrounding membranes 42 2.6 Contribution of the four primary energy sources to energy expenditure during moderate-intensity exercise of increasing duration 43 3.1 The chemical structure of lactic acid and lactate 61 3.2 A simplified view of glycolysis 62 3.3 A hydrogen atom 63

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