Fatigue Crack Propagation in Metals and Alloys PDF
Preview Fatigue Crack Propagation in Metals and Alloys
Ulrich Krupp Fatigue Crack Propagation in Metals and Alloys Microstructural Aspects and Modelling Concepts Ulrich Krupp Fatigue Crack Propagation in Metals and Alloys 1807–2007 Knowledge for Generations Each generation has its unique needs and aspirations. When Charles Wiley first openedhis small printing shop in lower Manhattan in 1807, it was a generation of boundless potential searching for an identity. And we were there, helping to define a new American literary tradition. Over half a century later, in the midst of the Second Industrial Revolution, it was a generation focused on building the future. Onceagain, we werethere, supplying the criticalscientific,technical, and engineering knowledge that helped frame the world. 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Pesce PeterBooth Wiley Presidentand ChiefExecutiveOfficer Chairman of the Board Ulrich Krupp Fatigue Crack Propagation in Metals and Alloys Microstructural Aspects and Modelling Concepts The Author All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Krupp publisher do not warrant the information con- Faculty of Engineering and tained in these books, including this book, to be Computer Science free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind FH Osnabrück – University that statements, data, illustrations, procedural of Applied Sciences details or other items may inadvertently be Albrechtstrasse 30 inaccurate. 49076 Osnabrück Germany Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographic information published by Cover the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek G. Schulz, Fußgönnheim The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; Cover illustration: detailed bibliographic data are available in the V8 light metal engine block, Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. by Josef Schmid, NAGEL Maschinen- und Werkzeugfabrik GmbH © 2007WILEY-VCHVerlag GmbH& Co. KGaA, Weinheim Cover All rights reserved (including those of translation This text describes the cover with its very into other languages). No part of this book may interesting details and includes the photo- be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, graphers name and maybe his address. microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted This text describes the cover with its very or translated into a machine language without interesting details and includes the photo- written permission from the publishers. graphers name and maybe his address. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this This text describes the cover with its very book, even when not specifically marked as such, interesting details and includes the photo- are not to be considered unprotected by law. graphers name and maybe his address. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper Typesetting Fotosatz Detzner, Speyer Printing betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt Bookbinding Litges & Dopf Buchbinderei GmbH, Heppenheim Wiley Bicentennial Logo Richard J. Pacifico ISBN: 978-3-527-31537-6 To my children Lukas and Lorenz VII Foreword Although it was understood very early that fatigue was a matter of creating and propagating a crack to the point of ultimate failure of a specimen or structural component, indeed long before “crystallization” theories of fatigue eventually died from natural causes, no significant measurements of crack propagation kinetics existed before the early 1960’s. Theories of crack growth existed before then, of course, highly speculative and based on unrealistic models. Only after appropriate fracture mechanics parameters were developed to allow the driving forces for crack growth to be expressed for a wide variety of component geometries did pre- dictive capability greatly improve for fatigue design purposes. The traditional approach of designing against fatigue, known as the “total-life” approach, worked adequately on the whole before the arrival of linear elastic fracture mechanics, mainly because it was backed by extensive (and expensive) experimentation. It also has undergone improvements, for examples in counting cycles during variable load cycling and in strain (rather than stress)-based predictions, and continues in wide use today, even in certain aerospace applications where usually fracture mechanics considerations now dominate. The total-life approach can be valid in situations where inspections for cracks are difficult or are economically prohibi- tive. The success of fracture mechanics in applications to aircraft probably arises from the necessity to use high stresses in aircraft and where relatively infrequent very high stress cycles promote early crack initiation, even in the absence of signif- icant manufacturing defects, on which some fracture mechanicians rely to justify the approach. Like most books on fatigue, the aim of Dr. Krupp’s book is to help to make bet- ter fatigue life predictions. Although the title of his book implies an emphasis on fracture mechanics, and does focus on fracture mechanics (and almost exclusive- ly on metals), it contains an elaborate chapter on crack initiation, and it also deals with the underlying physics of fatigue mechanisms. It is a well-balanced book in other respects as well, in the referencing between early and recent publications, between fundamental aspects such as dislocation considerations and modeling, and particularly in the balance between mechanics and materials considerations. It covers the range from elementary dislocation behavior to recent advances in modeling. It is thus suited to a wide range of students from different backgrounds and developmental stages; veterans of fatigue studies will find it interesting. In
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