Fatigue and fracture of adhesively-bonded composite joints

528 Pages·2015·36.92 MB·English

by  Anastasios P Vassilopoulos

Related titles
Residualstressesincompositematerials
(ISBN978-0-85709-270-0)
Compositejointsandconnections
(ISBN978-1-84569-990-1)
Failuremechanismsinpolymermatrixcomposites
(ISBN978-1-84569-750-1)
Fatiguelifepredictionofcompositesandcompositestructures
(ISBN978-1-84569-525-5)
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites
Science and Engineering: Number 52
Fatigue and Fracture
of Adhesively-bonded
Composite Joints
Behaviour, Simulation and Modelling
Edited by
A. P. Vassilopoulos
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)CAMBRIDGE(cid:129)HEIDELBERG
LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO
SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO
WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier
WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier
80HighStreet,Sawston,Cambridge,CB223HJ,UK
225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA
LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UK
Copyright©2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted
inanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise
withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.
PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights
DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone[phone];fax[phone];
email:[email protected],youcansubmityourrequestonlineby
visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting
ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial.
Notice
Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsor
propertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor
operationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein.
Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independentverification
ofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014944400
ISBN978-0-85709-806-1(print)
ISBN978-0-85709-812-2(online)
ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications
visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com
TypesetbyTNQBooksandJournals
www.tnq.co.in
PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdom
List of contributors
M.M. Abdel Wahab Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
A. Bernasconi Politecnico diMilano, Milan, Italy
A.J. Brunner SwissFederal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
D€ubendorf,Switzerland
S. Budhe University of Girona, Girona, Spain
R.D.S.G.Campilho InstitutoPolitécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Universidade
Lus(cid:2)ofonado Porto, Porto, Portugal
J.P.Conte University of California, La Jolla, CA,USA
J. Costa University of Girona, Girona, Spain
L.F.M. da Silva Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
G. Giuliese Universit(cid:3)adiParma,Parma, Italy
M. Gobbato Risk Management Solutions Inc.,Newark,CA, USA
T.A. Hafiz University ofBristol, Bristol, UK
A. Jamil Politecnicodi Milano, Milan, Italy
(cid:2)
T. Keller EcolePolytechniqueFédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne,
Switzerland
M. Kittur NavalAir System Command, PatuxentRiver, MD,USA
J.B.Kosmatka University of California, La Jolla, CA,USA
F.Moroni Universit(cid:3)adi Parma,Parma, Italy
P.Naghipour NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
A. Pirondi Universit(cid:3)a diParma, Parma, Italy
J. Renart University ofGirona, Girona, Spain
A. Rodríguez-Bellido AIRBUS Operations, Madrid, Spain
(cid:2)
R. Sarfaraz EcolePolytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne,
Switzerland
C. Sarrado University of Girona, Girona, Spain
W. Seneviratne WichitaState University, Wichita, KS,USA
xii Listofcontributors
(cid:2)
M. Shahverdi EcolePolytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne,
Switzerland
J. Tomblin Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA
A. Turon University of Girona, Girona, Spain
(cid:2)
A.P. Vassilopoulos EcolePolytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne,
Switzerland
Woodhead Publishing Series in
Composites Science and Engineering
1 Thermoplasticaromaticpolymercomposites
F.N.Cogswell
2 Designandmanufactureofcompositestructures
G.C.Eckold
3 Handbookofpolymercompositesforengineers
EditedbyL.C.Hollaway
4 Optimisationofcompositestructuresdesign
A.Miravete
5 Short-fibrepolymercomposites
EditedbyS.K.DeandJ.R.White
6 Flow-inducedalignmentincompositematerials
EditedbyT.D.PapthanasiouandD.C.Guell
7 Thermosetresinsforcomposites
CompiledbyTechnolex
8 Microstructuralcharacterisationoffibre-reinforcedcomposites
EditedbyJ.Summerscales
9 Compositematerials
F.L.MatthewsandR.D.Rawlings
10 3-Dtextilereinforcementsincompositematerials
EditedbyA.Miravete
11 Pultrusionforengineers
EditedbyT.Starr
12 Impactbehaviouroffibre-reinforcedcompositematerialsandstructures
EditedbyS.R.ReidandG.Zhou
13 Finiteelementmodellingofcompositematerialsandstructures
F.L.Matthews,G.A.O.Davies,D.HitchingsandC.Soutis
14 Mechanicaltestingofadvancedfibrecomposites
EditedbyG.M.Hodgkinson
15 Integrateddesignandmanufactureusingfibre-reinforcedpolymericcomposites
EditedbyM.J.OwenandI.A.Jones
16 Fatigueincomposites
EditedbyB.Harris
17 Greencomposites
EditedbyC.Baillie
18 Multi-scalemodellingofcompositematerialsystems
EditedbyC.SoutisandP.W.R.Beaumont
xiv WoodheadPublishingSeriesinCompositesScienceandEngineering
19 Lightweightballisticcomposites
EditedbyA.Bhatnagar
20 Polymernanocomposites
Y-W.MaiandZ-Z.Yu
21 Propertiesandperformanceofnatural-fibrecomposite
EditedbyK.Pickering
22 Ageingofcomposites
EditedbyR.Martin
23 Tribologyofnaturalfiberpolymercomposites
N.ChandandM.Fahim
24 Wood-polymercomposites
EditedbyK.O.NiskaandM.Sain
25 Delaminationbehaviourofcomposites
EditedbyS.Sridharan
26 Scienceandengineeringofshortfibrereinforcedpolymercomposites
S-Y.Fu,B.LaukeandY-M.Mai
27 Failureanalysisandfractographyofpolymercomposites
E.S.Greenhalgh
28 Management,recyclingandreuseofwastecomposites
EditedbyV.Goodship
29 Materials,designandmanufacturingforlightweightvehicles
EditedbyP.K.Mallick
30 Fatiguelifepredictionofcompositesandcompositestructures
EditedbyA.P.Vassilopoulos
31 Physicalpropertiesandapplicationsofpolymernanocomposites
EditedbyS.C.TjongandY-W.Mai
32 Creepandfatigueinpolymermatrixcomposites
EditedbyR.M.Guedes
33 Interfaceengineeringofnaturalfibrecompositesformaximumperformance
EditedbyN.E.Zafeiropoulos
34 Polymer-carbonnanotubecomposites
EditedbyT.McNallyandP.P€otschke
35 Non-crimpfabriccomposites:Manufacturing,propertiesandapplications
EditedbyS.V.Lomov
36 Compositereinforcementsforoptimumperformance
EditedbyP.Boisse
37 Polymermatrixcompositesandtechnology
R.Wang,S.ZengandY.Zeng
38 Compositejointsandconnections
EditedbyP.CamanhoandL.Tong
39 Machiningtechnologyforcompositematerials
EditedbyH.Hocheng
40 Failuremechanismsinpolymermatrixcomposites
EditedbyP.Robinson,E.S.GreenhalghandS.Pinho
41 Advancesinpolymernanocomposites:Typesandapplications
EditedbyF.Gao
42 Manufacturingtechniquesforpolymermatrixcomposites(PMCs)
EditedbyS.AdvaniandK-T.Hsiao
WoodheadPublishingSeriesinCompositesScienceandEngineering xv
43 Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of polymer matrix composites: Techniques and
applications
EditedbyV.M.Karbhari
44 Environmentallyfriendlypolymernanocomposites:Types,processingandproperties
S.S.Ray
45 Advancesinceramicmatrixcomposites
EditedbyI.M.Low
46 Ceramicnanocomposites
EditedbyR.BanerjeeandI.Manna
47 Naturalfibrecomposites:Materials,processesandproperties
EditedbyA.HodzicandR.Shanks
48 Residualstressesincompositematerials
EditedbyM.Shokrieh
49 Health and environmental safety of nanomaterials: Polymer nanocomposites and
othermaterialscontainingnanoparticles
EditedbyJ.Njuguna,K.PielichowskiandH.Zhu
50 Polymercompositesintheaerospaceindustry
EditedbyP.E.IrvingandC.Soutis
51 Biofiberreinforcementincompositematerials
EditedbyO.FarukandM.Sain
52 Fatigue andfractureof adhesively-bondedcompositejoints: Behaviour,simulation
andmodelling
EditedbyA.P.Vassilopoulos
1
Investigating the performance
of adhesively-bonded composite
joints: standards, test protocols,
and experimental design
A.J. Brunner
Swiss FederalLaboratories for Materials Science and Technology, D€ubendorf, Switzerland
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 General remarks
Adhesive bonding with polymeric or polymer-based adhesives (see, e.g., Awaja,
Gilbert, Kelly, Fox, & Pigram, 2009 for a recent review of adhesion of polymers)
has become an important joining technique in several areas of engineering (see, e.g.,
Baldan,2004;Baldan,2012;Banea&daSilva,2009;Cognard,2006).Notably,adhe-
sive bonding is increasingly used for manufacturing parts and elements from fiber-
reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for load-bearing structures (Kinloch, 1997).
Importantapplicationsofadhesivebondingincludetheaerospacesector(e.g.,Markatos
etal.,2013;Park,Choi,Choi,Kwon,&Kim,2010),automotiveandgeneraltranspor-
tationindustry(e.g.,Feraboli andMasini,2004;Tang, 2010)aswellasshipbuilding
(e.g., Di Bella, Galtieri, Pollicino, & Borsellino, 2013; Diez de Ulzurrun, L(cid:2)opez,
Herreros, & Su(cid:2)arez, 2007), but also civil and mechanical engineering (e.g., Brunner
& Terrasi, 2008; de Castro & Keller,2008a, 2008b;Keller,2001; Vallée, Correia,&
Keller,2006;Vassilopoulos,Sarfaraz,Manshadi,&Keller,2010).Animportantcivil
engineering application for adhesively-bonded joints from FRP composites is FRP
bridges, discussed, e.g., by Cheng and Karbhari (2006) and Hizam, Manalo, and
Karunasena (2013) who provide recent reviews. Since adhesively-bonded FRP com-
positeload-bearingstructuresandelementsaresubjecttoquasi-staticandcyclicorsto-
chasticfatigueloadsduringservice,assessmentoftheirfatigueandfracturebehavioris
importantfordesign,dimensioning,manufacturing,andprocessing,aswellasforthe
determinationoftheirservicelifetimeandofrespectiveinspectionintervals,including
optimizationofmaintenance.
1.1.2 Objectives and current state of standardization
The focus of the present contribution is on fatigue, quasi-static fracture, and fatigue
fracture behavior of adhesively-bonded joints made from pultruded glass-fiber-
reinforced polymer (GFRP) profiles for civil engineering applications. However,
FatigueandFractureofAdhesively-bondedCompositeJoints.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-85709-806-1.00001-X
Copyright©2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
4 FatigueandFractureofAdhesively-bondedCompositeJoints
mostofthetestmethodologyalsoappliestoothertypesofadhesivejointsmadefrom
FRP composites, e.g., carbon fiberereinforced polymer (CFRP) materials, or hybrid
joints with adherends made from different materials (see, e.g., Baldan, 2004; del
Real, Ballesteros, Chamochin, Abenojar, & Molisani, 2011) as well as joints used
in other areas of structural engineering, beside civil infrastructure, e.g., aerospace,
automotive, and ship building industries.
So far, few standard test procedures for either fatigue or fracture behavior of
adhesively-bonded joints made from FRP composites have been established, and
none for either fatigue or for quasi-static or fatigue fracture of such joints made
frompultrudedGFRPprofiles.OneexampleoftheformeristheISO25217standard
onthedeterminationofadhesive-fractureenergyundertheso-calledModeI,i.e.,ten-
sile opening loading that includes, among others, adhesively-bonded FRP composite
beamsasadherends.Otherexamplesarestandardfatigueteststhathavebeenspecified
formetalemetaladhesivejoints(e.g.,ASTMD3166;EN15190),butbyscopethese
arenotspecifiedtobeapplicable forGFRPorCFRPcompositeadherends.It canbe
notedthatEN15190includesenvironmental“loads,”i.e.,exposure,besidemechani-
cal fatigue loading. Fatigue of FRP composites under tensionetension loading is
standardized in, e.g., ASTM D3479/D3479M, but not explicitly specified for
adhesively-bonded joints. A tensile shear fatigue standard for structural adhesives
(ISO 9664) notes that the results are dependent on specimen geometry and hence
cannot be used for design purposes. There is a guideline on the use of results from
single-lapsheartestsofadhesives(ASTMD4896)thatspecifiestherangeofapplica-
bility. In general, the use and the applicability of the test results are important issues
thatdeservedetailedconsideration.Thetransferabilityoflaboratory-scaleteststoen-
gineeringstructures,totheirdesign,ortoestimatingtheirservicelifeisanotherissue,
but this hasnotreceivedmuch attention yet.
1.1.3 Overview of experimental work
Experimentaltestsreportedonadhesively-bondedjointsmadefrompultrudedGFRP
profilesintheliterature aremainly based ontestprocedures developedfor fatigue or
quasi-staticorfatiguefracturetestproceduresofFRPcompositelaminatesoradhesive
joints. Several procedures have been standardized or are in the process of standardi-
zation. For recent reviews on inter-laminar fracture properties of FRP composites
on the one hand, see, e.g., Tay (2003), Brunner, Blackman, and Davies (2008), and
Brunner (2014), and for details on tests developed for fracture of adhesively-
bonded joints with arbitrary adherends, on the other, see, e.g., Blackman, Kinloch,
Paraschi, and Teo (2003), Kinloch and Taylor (2004), and Blackman, Johnsen,
Kinloch,andTeo(2008).Standardizationagencies,suchastheInternationalOrgani-
zation for Standardization (ISO), the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) International, or the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) and their
websites(www.iso.ch,www.astm.org,www.cen.eu)arethemainsourcesforstandard
tests that can potentially be adapted to the specific test requirements of adhesively-
bonded joints made from pultruded GFRP profiles. These aspects will be discussed
in more detail in the next section.