Fat absorption vol I

320 Pages·1986·87.34 MB·English

by  Kuksis, Arnis

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Fat absorption.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Fat—Metabolism. 2. Intestinal absorption.
I. Kuksis, Arnis. [DNLM: 1. Lipids—metabolism.
QU 85 F252]
QP752.F3F38 1986 612’ .397 86-13633
ISBN 0-8493-6412-4 (v.1)
ISBN-0-8493-6413-2 (v.2)
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 86013633
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PREFACE
Fatty acid esters of glycerol make up the bulk of dietary fat, which provides up to
40% o f the daily caloric intake of man. I n the form o f the neutral glycerol esters,
dietary fatty acids constitute the major storage form of energy in the body. As polar
glycerolipids, dietary fatty acids serve in a variety of structural functions and partici-
pate in complex biochemica l an d physiologica l processes. Bot h energy balance and
physiological function of the organism are affected by the relative efficiency of diges-
tion and absorption of dietary fat and fat soluble vitamins and xenobiotics. The dietary
fats an d othe r lipid s carried in them consis t of a variety of chemical classes which
comprise numerous molecular species, including homologous serie s of geometric and
positional isomers of unsaturated fatty acids and stereoisomers of acylglycerols. These
species are digested and absorbed at markedly different rates , and their assimilation
may take place via different mechanisms and divergent metabolic routes. Furthermore,
different dietar y fats exhibi t characteristic physiologi c and metaboli c effects . Sinc e
some of these effects are believed to be beneficial and others detrimental to the well
being of man , elaborat e efforts ar e currently made t o manipulate and manage th e
composition, digestion, and absorption o f dietary fat for both prophylactic and ther-
apeutic purposes.1 2 Obviously, this task requires detailed knowledge and understand-
ing of the biochemical and metabolic transformations involved in the assimilation of
dietary fats and other lipids.
As a result of this interest an d research, a large amount of information has accu-
mulated over the last few decades on the molecular transformations of the glycerolipids
during their assimilation by the intestinal mucosa. Some of this information has been
presented in various recent reviews on specific aspects of fat digestion, absorption, and
chylomicron secretion. Thus, Borgstrom3 has dealt with the properties of the lipolytic
enzymes and their interaction with bile salts and lipids. Patton,4 and Carey, Small, and
Bliss5 have reviewed the physicochemical behavior of model lipids in model systems.
They have correlated thi s information with the physiological behavior of dietary fat
throughout the alimentary canal and have challenged th e micellar hypothesis of fat
absorption (see , however, Borgstrom6). Thomson7 and Thomson an d Dietschy8 have
discussed the principles governing the movement of lipids across unstirred water layers.
The basic mechanisms involved in the intestinal resynthesis of the dietary fat have been
considered by Brindley,9 Johnston,10 and Mansbach and Parthasarathy," while Glick-
man12 and Redgrave,13 as well as Bisgaier and Glickman,14 have summarized the prin-
ciple developments in our understanding of the composition and biosynthesis of intes-
tinal lipoproteins . Th e morphologica l an d ultrastructura l aspect s o f th e cellula r
assembly an d transpor t o f chylomicrons by the mucosal cell have been reviewed by
Sabesin and Frase15 and Friedman and Cardell.16 In most instances the emphasis has
been placed on the physicochemical nature of the assimilation process. The digestion
and absorptio n o f different dietary fats, 17-18 fat-solubl e vitamins, 19-2C xenobiotics,2122
and other less well-known components of dietary fats have been assessed only partially.
Previous review s are also deficient in the limited discussion of the enzymology of the
endogenous lipolysis and resynthesis of dietary fat, the extent of dilution of the dietary
fat b y endogenous fat , the role of differen t fat s in the formatio n an d secretio n of
chylomicrons, an d th e advantage s o f utilizin g modern analytica l methodolog y an d
physiologically more appropriate experimental systems.
In this book, we have expanded upo n the more obscure areas by providing an au-
thoritative and comprehensive source of information on the biochemical and metabolic
aspects of digestio n an d absorptio n o f differen t dietar y fats and othe r lipids , with
minimal discussion of the physical chemistry of the process, which has been covered in
great detai l in previous reviews. Volume I considers the digestion and absorption of
fatty acid s and acylglycerols . Included here are reviews on modern methodology of
glycerolipid analyses, composition of enterocyte membrane lipids, and the purification
and substrate specificity of intestinal lipases and acyltransferases. Volume II deals with
the digestion and absorption of sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, and xenobiotics. The ef-
fect of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins and xenobiotics on chylomicron and lipo-
protein secretion by the intestine is also reviewed. The volume concludes with a review
of the regulation of dietary fat assimilation by gastrointestinal peptides. Both volumes
are composed of chapters that can be read and understood independently although a
limited cross-reference is also found. The books show that the relative rates and mech-
anisms of lipolysis and resynthesis of the different dietary fats and other lipids consti-
tute critical steps in the overall assimilation process. Since dietary fat also affects the
chemical composition an d turnover of the plasma and microsomal membranes of the
villus cell, the process of fat absorption can no longer be considered a metabolic shunt.
The dietary fat also influences the size and apopeptid e composition of the chylomi-
crons and other intestinal lipoproteins, which determine the rate of clearance of fat
from th e intestinal mucosa and plasma. It is therefore clear that a full understanding
of the process of fat assimilation must be sought beyond the classical physicochemical
and biochemical transformations. The reviews are intended for both researchers and
practitioners in the biomedical field who require detailed knowledge of the biomedical
and metabolic transformations involved in the intestinal digestion and resynthesis of
dietary fats and other lipids.
Amis Kuksis
REFERENCES
1. Levy, R. I., Rifkind, B. M., Dennis, B. H., and Ernst, N., Eds., Nutrition, lipids and coronary heart
disease. A global view, in Nutrition in Health and Disease, Vol. 1, Raven Press, New York, 1983.
2. Goldberg, A. C. and Schonfeld, G., Effects on lipoprotein metabolism, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 5, 195,
1985.
3. Borgstrom, B., Pancreatic lipase, in Lipases, Borgstrom, B. and Brockman, H. L., Eds., Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1984.
4. Patton, J. S., Gastrointestinal lipid digestion, in Physiology o f the Gastrointestinal Tract, Johnson,
L. R., Ed., Raven Press, New York, 1981, chap. 45.
5. Carey, M. C., Small, D. M., and Bliss, C. M., Lipid digestion and absorption, Annu. Rev. Physiol.,
45, 651, 1983.
6. Borgstrom, B., The micellar hypothesis of fat absorption: must it be revisited?, Scand. J. Gastroen-
terol.,20, 389, 1985.
7. Thomson, A . B. R., Intestinal absorption of lipids: influence of the unstirred water layer and bile
acid micelle, in Disturbances i n Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism, Dietschy, J. M., Gotto, A. M.,
Jr., and Ontko, J. A., Eds., American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C., 1978, chap. 2.
8. Thomson, A. B. R. and Dietschy, J. M., Intestinal lipid absorption: major extracellular and intra-
cellular events, in Physiology o f the Gastrointestinal Tract, Johnson, L. R., Ed., Raven Press, New
York, 1981, chap. 46.
9. Brindley, D. N., Absorption and transport of lipids in the small intestine, in Intestinal Permeation,
Vol. 4, Kramer, M., and Lauterbach, F., Eds., Workshop Conference Hoechst, Excerpta Medica,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1978, 350.
10. Johnston, J. M., Esterification reactions in the intestinal mucosa and lipid absorption, in Disturb-
ances in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism, Dietschy, J. M., Gotto, A. M., Jr., and Ontko, J. A.,
Eds., American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C., 1978, 57.
11. Mansbach, C. M., II and Parthasarathy, S. A., A re-examination of the fate of glyceride-glycerol in
neutral lipid absorption and transport, J . Lipid Res.,23, 1009, 1982.
12. Glickman, R. M., Fat absorption and malabsorption, Clin. Gastroenterol., 12, 323, 1983.
13. Redgrave, T. G., Formation and metabolism of chylomicrons, in Gastrointestinal Physiology IV ,
Vol. 28, (Int. Rev. Physiol. Ser.), Young, D. B., Ed., University Park Press, Baltimore, Md., 1983,
103.
14. Bisgaier, C. L. and Glickman, R . M., Intestinal synthesis, secretion and transport of lipoproteins,
Annu. Rev. Physiol., 45, 625, 1983.
15. Sabesin, S. M. and Frase, S., Electron microscopic studies of the assembly, intracellular transport,
and secretion of Chylomicrons by rat intestine, /. Lipid Res., 18, 496, 1977.
16. Friedman, H. I. and Cardell, R. R., Jr., Alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex
of intestinal epithelial cells during fat absorption and after termination of this process: a morpholog-
ical and morphometric study, Anat. Rec., 188, 77, 1977.
17. Emken, E. A., Nutrition and biochemistry of trans and positional fatty acid isomers in hydrogenated
oils, Annu. Rev. Nutr.,4, 339, 1984.
18. Clandinin, T., Field, C. J., Hargreaves, K., Morson, L., and Zsigmond, E., Role of diet in subcel-
lular structure and function, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.,63, 546, 1985.
19. Hollander, D., Intestinal absorption of vitamins A, E, D and K, J. Lab. Clin. Med.,97, 449, 1981.
20. Weber, F., Absorption mechanisms for fat-soluble vitamins and the effect of other food constituents,
in Nutrition in Health and Disease and International Development: Symposia from the Xllth Inter-
national Congress of Nutrition, Alan R. Liss, New York, 1981, 119.
21. Pfeiffer, C. J., Gastroenterologic response to environmental agents — absorption and interactions,
in Handbook of Physiology, Section 9, Lee, D. H. K., Ed., American Physiological Society, Wash-
ington, D.C., 1977, 349.
22. Kuksis, A., Intestinal digestion and absorption o f fat-soluble environmental agents, in Intestinal
Toxicology, Schiller , C. M., Ed., Raven Press, New York, 1984, 69.
THE EDITOR
Amis Kuksis holds a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Queen's University, and a Career
Investigatorship from the Medical Research Council of Canada. He is a Professor of
Biochemistry in the Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Canada, where he also directs the Medical Research Council of
Canada Regional Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory.
In addition to biochemistry, Dr. Kuksis' training and experience include lipid chem-
istry and analysis, which he has extensively applied to studies of structure and function
of lipoprotein and membrane lipids. Much of this work has been focused on the regu-
latory roles of cholesterol and acyltransferases in absorption of dietary fat in health
and disease. Dr. Kuksis has over 200 original publications in these research areas, and
has contributed numerous review articles on the composition and chromatography of
lipids from natural sources.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Nina Morley for her excellent editorial
assistance. In addition, my thanks extend to Dr. Peter Child and Mr. Steven Find for
their help in reviewing some of the manuscripts.
CONTRIBUTORS
Jean Bezard, D.Sc. John J. Myher, Ph.D .
Professor Research Associate
Laboratoire de Physiologic Animale et Banting and Best Department of
de la Nutrition Medical Research
Faculte des Sciences Mirande University of Toronto
Universite de Dijon Toronto, Ontario, Canad a
Dijon, France
Howard Parsons, M.D.
Maurice Bugaut, D.Sc.
Associate Professor
Assistant Professor
Department of Pediatrics
Laboratoire de Physiologic Animale et
Faculty of Medicine
de la Nutrition
The University of Calgary
Faculte des Sciences Mirande
Calgary, Alberta, Canad a
Universite de Dijon
Dijon, France
Steven Find, B.Sc.
Helene Carlier, D.Sc . Graduate Student
Professor Banting and Best Department of
Department de Physiologic de la Medical Research
Nutrition University of Toront o
Ecole Nationale Superieure de Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Biologic
Appliquee a la Nutrition et Martin Scobey, M.D .
a F Alimentation Gastroenterology Fello w
Universite de Dijon Section on Gastroenterology
Dijon, France Department of Medicine
Bowman Gray School of Medicine
Edward A. Emken, Ph.D . Winston Salem, North Carolina
Research Leader
Northern Regional Research Center
Patrick Tso, Ph.D .
Agricultural Research Service, USDA
Assistant Professor
Peoria, Illinois
Department of Physiology and
Biophysics
Amis Kuksis, Ph.D.
College of Medicine
Professor
The University of Tennessee
Banting and Best Department of
Memphis, Tennessee
Medical Research
University of Toront o
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Chi-Sun Wang, Ph.D .
Associate Member
Fortunato Manganaro, Ph.D . Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis
Post-Doctoral Fellow Research Program
Department of Biochemistry Oklahoma Medical Research
McGill University Foundation
Montreal, Quebec, Canada Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
FAT ABSORPTION
Volume I
Analytical Methodology in the Fat Absorption Area
Structure and Function of Enterocyte Membrane Lipids
Hydrolysis of Dietary Glycerides and Phosphoglycerides: Fatty Acid and Positional
Specificity of Lipases and Phospholipases
Absorption of Glycerides Containing Short, Medium, and Long Chain Fatty Acids
Absorption of Deuterium-Labeled cis- and trans- Octadecenoic Acid Positional
Isomers in Man
The Role of Phosphatidylcholine in the Absorption and Transport of Dietary Fat
Role of Intestinal Hydrolases, Endogenous Substrates, and Chyloportal Partition in
Fat Absorption
Biochemical Characterization an d Purification of Intestinal Acylglycerol
Acyltransf erases
Clinical Aspects of Fat Malabsorptio n
Index
Volume II
The Absorption of Cholesterol and Plant Sterols by the Intestine
Intestinal Absorption of Bile Acids
Absorption o f Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Digestion and Absorption of Fat-Soluble Xenobiotics
Digestion and Absorption of Glyceride Analogs
Effect of Dietary Fat on Formation and Secretion of Chylomicrons and Other Lymph
Lipoproteins
The Effect of Fat-Soluble Xenobiotics on Intestinal Lipid, Apoprotein, and
Lipoprotein Synthesis and Secretion
Regulation of Fat Digestion and Absorption in the Small Intestine
Index