Fast-Charging Electric Vehicles using AC - University of Delaware PDF
Preview Fast-Charging Electric Vehicles using AC - University of Delaware
Joachim Skov Johansen Fast-Charging Electric Vehicles using AC Master’s Thesis, September 2013 Joachim Skov Johansen Fast-Charging Electric Vehicles using AC Master’s Thesis, September 2013 Fast-Charging Electric Vehicles using AC This report was prepared by Joachim Skov Johansen Contact [email protected] Newest version available at http://udel.edu/~jsj/JSJ-EV-AC-Fast-Charging-Thesis.pdf Advisors PhD Peter Bach Andersen Associate Professor Tonny Wederberg Rasmussen Associate Professor Chresten Træholt Release date: September 23rd 2013 Category: 1 (public) Edition: 1st Comments: ThisreportispartoftherequirementstoachievetheMasterof ScienceinEngineering(M.Sc.Eng.) attheTechnicalUniversity of Denmark. This report represents 30 ECTS points. Rights: © Joachim Skov Johansen, 2013 Department of Electrical Engineering Centre for Electric Technology (CET) Technical University of Denmark Elektrovej building 325 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark www.elektro.dtu.dk/cet Tel: (+45) 45 25 35 00 Fax: (+45) 45 88 61 11 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Electric vehicles are here. Sales figures are approximately doubling each year, and the growth is projected to continue. The goal is to have 20 million electric vehicles on the roads by 2020. In order to reach this goal, it is now time to make intelligent choices for the next-generation electric drive technologies. Onemajorchallengewithelectricvehiclesisrangeanxiety. Thisprojectinvestigates AC fast-charging as a means of mitigating range anxiety while lowering total cost of electric vehicle roll-outs. The benefit of AC charging is that it allows vehicles to charge from an inexpensive AC charging station feeding power directly from the electric grid to the vehicle. Charge rates up to 43kW in Europe and 52kW in US are supported with standard AC cord sets. This power level matches that of the more expensive DC chargers. Hence, AC fast-charging technologies are an effective catalyst for considerably expanding fast-charging infrastructure. With AC fast-charging, high-power electronics are required onboard the vehicle. By reusing traction components for charging purposes, the onboard converter can be made inexpensive with only few additional components. The possible practi- cal challenges with this high-power charger topology have been identified, and no barriers are found. Furthermore, these components allow bidirectional power flow, enabling vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-load (V2L) and grid-forming operation. This serves as an additional economical incentive for deploying AC fast-charging technologies. A novel low-cost 63A AC-only fast-charging station is developed. The all-electric Renault Zoe is charged at 43kW, proving AC fast-charging is indeed realizable. To support AC fast-charging at sites with limited grid power, a simple and practical load management algorithm is presented. Finally, high-level IP communication is enabled through the upcoming IEC 61851-1 Annex D standard, and EVs can be connected to the Internet or other IP networks. The project concludes that fast-charging using AC is feasible and practically re- alizable. If the recommendations presented are taken into account in future EVs and infrastructure implementations, it is expected that EV fast-charging will be easily accessible, range anxiety is minimized and costs related to increasing EV penetration are considerably reduced. i/xv Resumé Elbiler er kommet for at blive. Salgstallene fordobles hvert år, og væksten ser ud til at fortsætte. Målsætningen er at have 20 millioner elbiler på vejene i år 2020. For at opnå dette mål er det nødvendigt at træffe fornuftige valg i dag for teknologien i den næste generations elbiler. Én af elbilens største udfordringer er bekymringen for en for kort rækkevidde og dermed at løbe tør for strøm. Dette projekt undersøger hvordan man ved hjælp af AC hurtigladning reducerer rækkeviddebekymringen, samtidig med at omkostnin- gen til fremtidig elbilsudrulning minimeres. Fordelen ved AC ladning er at elbiler kan lades fra billige AC ladestandere, hvor strømmen føres direkte fra elnettet til bilen. Det er muligt at opnå ladeeffekter op til 43kW i Europa og 52kW i USA med almindelige, standardiserede ladekabler. Dette effektniveau svarer til dét en noget dyrere DC-ladestander kan levere. På denne måde kan AC hurtigladning fungere som en katalysator til fremtidig udbygning af ladeinfrastruktur. Med AC hurtigladning er det nødvendigt at placere højeffektelektronik til oplad- ning af batteriet i bilen. Omkostningen ved dette kan reduceres ved at anvende den eksisterende fremdrifts-elektronik, der driver elmotoren, til også at bruges til opladning af batteriet. Udfordringer i forbindelse med denne metode identificeres, ogderfindesingendirektehindringerforpraktiskanvendelse. Meddenneteknologi muliggøresogsåtilbageløbseffekt, hvilketomfatteratstrømkanløbefrabiltilelnet (V2G), fra bil til belastning (V2L) eller bilen kan spændingsstøtte elnettet (grid- forming). Dette udgør et yderligere økonomisk incitament for AC hurtigladning. Enny63AAChurtigladestandererudviklet. ElbilenRenaultZoeladesmed43kW, hvilketviseratAC-hurtigladningerpraktiskmuligtogrealiserbart. Idettilfældeat et tilslutningspunkt i elnettet ikke understøtter hurtigladning af mange biler sam- tidig, er der udviklet en simpel og praktisk algoritme til håndtering af denne type belastning. Derudovererhøjniveaukommunikationmuliggjortvedhjælpafdennye IEC 61851-1 Annex D standard, og det vises hvordan elbiler kan kommunikere til Internettet eller andre IP netværk. Projektet konkluderer, at hurtigladning med AC er muligt og realiserbart. Såfremt der tages hensyn til de præsenterede anbefalinger, er det forventet at hurtiglad- ning i fremtiden vil være let tilgængeligt, at rækkeviddebekymringen minimeres og omkostninger i forbindelse med udrulning af elbiler reduceres markant. iii/xv
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