Fascim and the Right in Europe, 1919-1945

201 Pages·2000·22.38 MB·English

by  Blinkhorn, Martin

Fascism and the Right in Europe, 1919-1945
This page intentionally left blank
SEMINAR STUDIES IN HISTORY
Fascism and the Right in Europe,
1919-1945
MARTIN BLINKHORN
D Routledge
Taylor & Francis Croup
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2000 by Pearson Education Limited
Published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright © 2000, Taylor & Francis.
The right of Martin Biinkhorn to be identified as author
of this work has been asserted by him in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or
by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN 13: 978-0-582-07021-9 (pbk)
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is
available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Set by 7 in 10/12 Sabon Roman
For Irene
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS
Introduction to the Series ix
Note on Referencing System x
Author’s Acknowledgements xi
Publisher’s Acknowledgements xii
Maps xiii-xiv
PART ONE: BACKGROUND 1
1. PROBLEMS OF STUDYING FASCISM 3
2. FORETASTES OF FASCISM IN PRE-1914 EUROPE 8
European Liberalism at the Crossroads 8
Critics and Critiques of Liberalism 10
The ‘New Right’, 1880-1914 13
PART TWO: ANALYSIS 17
3. INTERWAR EUROPE IN CRISIS 19
Economic Turbulence and Social Conflict 20
States, Nations and Peoples 24
Democracy in Difficulties 27
4. FASCIST AND RIGHT-WING MOVEMENTS, 1919-1939 31
The Italian Model: The Fascist Movement and Party,1 919-1925 31
The German Variant: The NSDAP, 1919-1933 37
The Fascist Contagion 42
Fascism in Central and Eastern Europe 43
Fascism and Catholicism in Spain and Portugal 54
Unsuccessful Fascism in the Democracies of Northwestern Europe 57
5. FASCIST AND RIGHT-WING REGIMES 65
The Classic Case: Fascist Italy, 1925-1943 65
The Extreme Case: The Third Reich, 1933-1945 71
Authoritarian Regimes in Interwar Europe 77
War, Collaboration and the ‘New European Order’, 1939-1945 88
viii Contents
.
6 THEORIES AND INTERPRETATIONS 94
Marxists, Fascism, and Capitalism in Crisis 94
Fascism and Modernization 96
Fascism, Moral Crisis, and Psychosis 98
Fascism and Totalitarianism 100
A Revolution of the Right? 101
PART THREE: CONCLUSIONS 105
7. UNDERSTANDING FASCISM 107
A Historian’s View 107
Neo-fascism and ‘Post-fascism’: Some Turn-of-the-century
Reflections 112
.
8 APPENDIX: FASCISM, A TEMPLATE 115
PART FOUR: DOCUMENTS 117
Chronology 144
Glossary 149
Who’s Who 154
Bibliography 158
Index 168
INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES
Such is the pace of historical enquiry in the modern world that there is
an ever-widening gap between the specialist article or monograph,
incorporating the results of current research, and general surveys,
which inevitably become out of date. Seminar Studies in History is
designed to bridge this gap. The series was founded by Patrick
Richardson in 1966 and his aim was to cover major themes in British,
European and world history. Between 1980 and 1996 Roger Lockyer
continued his work, before handing the editorship over to Clive
Emsley and Gordon Martel. Clive Emsley is Professor of History at the
Open University, while Gordon Martel is Professor of International
History at the University of Northern British Columbia, Canada, and
Senior Research Fellow at De Montfort University.
All the books are written by experts in their field who are not only
familiar with the latest research but have often contributed to it. They
are frequently revised, in order to take account of new information
and interpretations. They provide a selection of documents to illustrate
major themes and provoke discussion, and also a guide to further
reading. The aim of Seminar Studies in History is to clarify complex
issues without over-simplifying them, and to stimulate readers into
deepening their knowledge and understanding of major themes and