Farm animal metabolism and nutrition

433 Pages·2000·2.356 MB·English

by  J P F D'Mello

Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition
Farm Animal Metabolism and Nutrition
Edited by
J.P.F. D’Mello
Biotechnology Department
The Scottish Agricultural College
Edinburgh
UK
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Farm animal metabolism and nutrition : critical reviews / edited by J.P.F. D’Mello.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-85199-378-8 (alk. paper)
1. Animal nutrition. 2. Livestock--Metabolism. I. D’Mello, J. P. Felix.
SF95 .F32 2000
636.08′5--dc21
99-048241
ISBN 0 85199 378 8
Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading.
Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn.
Contents
CONTRIBUTORS vii
PREFACE ix
PARTI: ABSORPTIONANDMETABOLISMOFNUTRIENTS 1
CHAPTER1 Amino Acid and Peptide Transport Systems 3
J.C. Matthews
CHAPTER2 Measurement and Significance of Protein Turnover 25
J.A. Rathmacher
CHAPTER3 Inter-organ Amino Acid Flux 49
C.J.Seal and D.S. Parker
CHAPTER4 Phenethanolamine Repartitioning Agents 65
D.E. Moody, D.L. Hancock and D.B. Anderson
CHAPTER5 Lipid Metabolism 97
J.K. Drackley
CHAPTER6 Glucose Availability and Associated Metabolism 121
R.W.Russell and S.A.Gahr
CHAPTER7 Aspects of Cellular Energetics 149
N.S. Jessop
CHAPTER8 Trace Element Dynamics 161
W.T. Buckley
PARTII: FEEDEVALUATIONMETHODOLOGIES 183
CHAPTER9 Use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy 185
J.B.Reeves III
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER10 Gas Production Methods 209
P.Schofield
CHAPTER11 In SaccoMethods 233
P. Nozière and B. Michalet-Doreau
CHAPTER12 Use of Markers 255
J.P. Marais
CHAPTER13 Methods for Measuring Ileal Amino Acid
Digestibility in Pigs 279
W.C. Sauer, M.Z. Fan, R. Mosenthin and W. Drochner
CHAPTER14 Rapid Metabolizable Energy Assays 307
J.M. McNab
PARTIII: INTAKEANDUTILIZATION 317
CHAPTER15 Physiological and Metabolic Aspects of
Feed Intake Control 319
J.M.Forbes
CHAPTER16 Feed Intake in Ruminants: Kinetic Aspects 335
W.C. Ellis, D. Poppi and J.H. Matis
CHAPTER17 Feeding Behaviour 365
R.J. Grant and J.L. Albright
CHAPTER18 Anti-nutritional Factors and Mycotoxins 383
J.P.F. D’Mello
CHAPTER19 Feed Enzymes 405
D.I. Officer
INDEX 427
Contributors
Albright, J.L. Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
47907, USA
Anderson, D.B. Research and Development, Elanco Animal Health, PO Box 708,
Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
Buckley, W.T. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon Research Centre, Brandon,
Canada R7A 5Y3
D’Mello, J.P.F. Biotechnology Department, The Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
Drackley, J.K. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
Drochner, W. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, D-70573 Stuttgart,
Germany
Ellis, W.C. Department of Animal Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
77843–2471, USA
Fan, M.Z. Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
Forbes, J.M. Centre for Animal Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds
LS2 9JT, UK
Gahr, S.A. Division of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, West Virginia University, PO
Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506–6108, USA
Grant, R.J. Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
68583–0908, USA
Hancock, D.L. Research and Development, Elanco Animal Health, PO Box 708,
Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
Jessop, N.S. Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, The University of
Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
Marais, J.P. Biochemistry Section, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture, Private
Bag X9059, Pietermaritzburg, Republic of South Africa, 3200
Matis, J.H. Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
77843–2471, USA
Matthews, J.C. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
40546–0215, USA
vii
viii Contributors
McNab, J.M. Roslin Institute (Edinburgh), Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
Michalet-Doreau, B. Département Elevage et Nutrition des Animaux, Unité de
Recherches sur les Herbivores, INRA Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
Moody, D.E. Research and Development, Elanco Animal Health, PO Box 708,
Greenfield, IN 46140, USA
Mosenthin, R. Institute of Animal Nutrition, Hohenheim University, D-70573 Stuttgart,
Germany
Nozière, P. Département Elevage et Nutrition des Animaux, Unité de Recherches sur les
Herbivores, INRA Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
Officer, D.I. NSW Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Advisory Station, Grafton,
NSW, Australia
Parker, D.S. Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture
and Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU,
UK; Present address: Novus Europe s.a./n.v., Rue Gulledellestraat 94, B-1200
Brussels, Belgium
Poppi, D. Department of Agriculture, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Queensland 4072, Australia
Rathmacher, J.A. Metabolic Technologies Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA
Reeves, J.B., III Nutrient Conservation and Metabolism Laboratory, Livestock and
Poultry Sciences Institute, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD
20705, USA
Russell, R.W. Division of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, West Virginia University, PO
Box 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506–6108, USA
Sauer, W.C. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
Schofield, P. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Seal, C.J. Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and
Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Preface
There is, once more, a need for an advanced experience in teaching final year students
textbook in animal biochemistry and nutri- at Edinburgh who have at times expressed
tion that covers the specialist requirements difficulty with or particular interest in
of final year undergraduates and new post- specialist topics. The needs of our commer-
graduate students. The existing books have cial clients have not been ignored either, as
long become out of date, and currently my will be seen from my choice of authors and
students are directed to reviews published review topics. In the rapidly changing and
within the proceedings of various expansive fields of farm animal metabolism
symposia and workshops. However, this and nutrition, the limitations of existing
approach is less than satisfactory as the general texts are all too evident. No single
reviews are distributed in diverse books author can be expected to keep abreast of
and journals that are both physically and innovation in all aspects of these fields. I
financially out of reach of these students. have attempted to overcome these problems
Increasingly these days, libraries resort to by selecting authors who are actively pub-
restricted lending of journals containing lishing refereed papers and who have an
up-to-date reviews and, furthermore, the enviable track record in their respective
common practice of holding single copies specialisms. Furthermore, my collaborating
of conference proceedings is of limited authors have been selected from major
value to the large groups of students we teaching and research establishments
have to teach. Moreover, students still have around the world.
the problem of consulting different issues Farm Animal Metabolism and
of journals and conference proceedings to Nutrition is divided into three sections to
acquire a comprehensive picture. reflect major developments. The first sec-
In Farm Animal Metabolism and tion comprises eight chapters within the
Nutrition, I have attempted to overcome theme of ‘Absorption and Metabolism of
most if not all of these limitations by pro- Nutrients’. The second section on ‘Feed
viding a graduated and structured series of Evaluation Methodologies’ contains six
critical reviews by international experts, at chapters, while the third section on ‘Intake
an affordable price. Current programmes and Utilization’ is based on five chapters.
for final year undergraduate and MSc Every book attracts both favourable com-
courses at Edinburgh form the basis of the ments and criticism. Fortunately for me,
topics selected for this book. In addition, most reviews of my previous titles have
my choice of subjects has been based on been positive, and these have been much
ix
x Preface
appreciated. While I accept the occasional their valuable time in writing, proofreading
negative review as an occupational hazard, and preparing the index, sometimes under
I am keen to learn from past failings. As difficult conditions. Their enthusiasm for
regards Farm Animal Metabolism and the entire project has been salutary and I
Nutrition, I accept that important areas hope that the book will provide inspiration
have not been reviewed. Clearly, for exam- to students the world over.
ple, the whole issue of quantitative nutri- Finally, this book contains references
tion comprising analytical and predictive to various commercial products including
models also needs attention, but this may computer software, which are given in
well form the basis of a further volume. In good faith. No endorsement of these
the meantime, current books in the CAB products is implied or should be attributed
International stable should serve to bridge to the editor or CAB International, and we
this gap. Selected titles will be found on cannot assume responsibility for the conse-
the rear cover of this book. quences of their use.
As always, I am indebted to my team
of authors who have made this book J.P.F. D’Mello
possible and who have invested so much of