FARHANA NOSHEEN Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

237 Pages·2011·1.24 MB·English

ANALYSIS OF GENDER INVOLVEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL
DECISION MAKING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY
OF DISTRICT CHAKWAL

By

FARHANA NOSHEEN
Reg. No. 2003-ag-828

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

Department of Agricultural Extension,
University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
2010

I
To,
The Controller of Examinations,
University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.

We the members of the supervisory committee, certify that the contents
and format of thesis submitted by Ms. Farhana Nosheen, Regd. No. 2003-ag-828
have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation,
by the external examiner(s) for the award of degree.

SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE

Chairman
Prof. Dr. Tanvir Ali

Member
Dr. Munir Ahmad

Member
Prof. Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad Mann

II
DEDICATION

I dedicate this effort
to
My Dear Most Husband
&
Children (Arham and Zoha)
who always tolerated me when
I was busy in my studies and
ignored all of them to make
my dreams to be real
MAY! ALL THEY LIVE LONG (AAMIN)
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
If oceans turn into ink and all the woods become pens, even then, the praise of ALMIGHTY
ALLAH can not be expressed. He, who created the universe and bestowed the mankind with
knowledge and wisdom to search for the secrets. I am greatly obligate to Allah by whom
grace I have been able to complete this task successfully. I offer my humble thanks from the
core of my heart to the Holy Prophet, Hazrat Muhammad (Peace be upon him) who is
forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity.
In the completion of this work , I was fortunate in having the generous advice and
encouragement of my learned supervisor, Prof. Dr. Tanvir Ali, Department of Agricultural
Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in selecting the research topic, inspiring
guidance, sympathetic and unstinted help at every step right from research synopsis to final
manuscript writing. It is my privilege to express deep sense of gratefulness to
Dr. Munir Ahmad, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for his valuable suggestions and guidance in planning,
execution, analysis and write up of this manuscript. I must record my special debt and
heartiest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad Mann, Department of Rural Sociology,
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad who shared his great fund of knowledge during
completion of this work.
Words are lacking to express my humble gratitude to my affectionate “Father” and my
beloved “Mother”. Where all defined words have lost its weight, which always prays for my
success and provide shadow form all hardships of life. All of my heartily prayers are for them.
I am grateful to Dr. Haq Nawaz (Chairman Department of Sociology, GC University)
Faisalabad and Dr. Muhammad Sharif (Chief Scientific Officer, Social Sciences Division,
National Agricultural Research Centre) Islamabad for their constructive criticism and
valuable suggestions during the research work. How I can forget all of my memories with
Dr. Ahmad who added unforgettable thoughts in all.
I am thankful to Director Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) Chakwal to
provide residential facility for research team at BARI rest house and give a complete
guideline of district Chakwal. Special thanks for District Officer Agriculture (Extension
Wing) for providing information about rural areas of Chakwal District.
Sincere thanks are in order to Dr. Qamar-ul- Haq, Mr. Inam-ur- Rehman. Arif Watoo,
Muhammad Asif, Shakeel, Miss Aneela Afzal, Humara, Aqeela Sagheer and many
others for providing me help at various steps in conducting my research thesis at District
Chakwal, Punjab Pakistan.
Finally I wish to express profound regards to my parents, sisters and brothers for their moral
support and encouragement for my research work.
FARHANA NOSHEEN
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements IV
Table of contents V
List of tables X
List of figures XIII
List of abbreviations XIV
Definition of terms XVI
Abstract XVII
Executive Summary XIX

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-14
1.1. Overview 1
1.1.1 Geographical location 1
1.1.2 Climate 1
1.1.3 Demographic information 1
1.1.4 Labor force 2
1.1.5 Geographical location of Punjab province 2
1.1.6 Demography of rainfed areas of Punjab 3
1.1.7 Cropping patterns of rainfed areas in Punjab 4
1.2 Statement of the problems 5
1.3 Need for the study 10
1.4 Objectives 13
1.4.1 General objectives 13
1.4.2 Specific objectives 13
1.5 Assumptions 13
1.6 Limitations of study 14
1.7 Plan of the study 14
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15-63
2.1 Defining gender 15
2.2 Social status of women in Pakistani society 17
2.3 Sources of information 21
2.4 Gender role in household chores 23
2.5 Gender violence 24
2.6 Gender role in agriculture 26
2.6.1 Gender role in developing countries agriculture 26
2.6.2 Gender role in Pakistan agriculture 31
2.7 Gender role in livestock farming 35
2.7.1 Gender role in livestock farming in developing world 35
2.7.2 Gender role in livestock farming of Pakistan 36
2.8 Role of agricultural extension in gender training 37
2.8.1 Increase training for women in projects 42
V
2.8.2 Conducting agricultural training with literacy
42
activities
2.9 Women consultation in decision making 43
2.9.1 Women consultation in farm management
43
decision making: results from developing world
2.9.2 Women consultation in farm management decision
47
making: results from Pakistan
2.10. Gender role in water management 49
2.11. Gender role in post-harvest technology and food
50
security
2.12. Women empowerment 52
2.13. Gender mainstreaming --- issues and problems 55
2.14. Addressing gender issues --- international efforts for
57
Gender mainstreaming
2.15. Addressing gender issues in Pakistan: policies and
61
Programs
2.16. Concluding remarks 62
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 64-97
3.1 Introduction to the study area 64
3.1.1 Topography: 65
3.1.2 Climate of the area 65
3.1.3 Geography and historical importance 66
3.1.4 Tehsils of District 66
3.1.4.1 Tehsil Chakwal 66
3.1.4.2 Tehsil Talagang 66
3.1.4.3 Tehsil Choa Sadden Shah 67
3.1.4.4 Sub-Tehsil Kaller Kahar 67
3.1.5 Rural-urban population composition 67
3.1.6 Constituencies of district Chakwal 69
3.1.7 Economy 69
3.2 Research design 71
3.2.1 Research population 72
3.2.2 Sampling 72
3.3 Research tool and Survey Instrument 72
3.4 Aspects to Improve the Quality of Data 73
3.4.1 Developing Interviewing Schedule and Placement of
73
Sensitive Questions
3.4.2 Sequence of the Questions 74
3.4.3 Face Validity and Contents Validity of Interviewing
74
Schedule
3.4.4 Reliability Checks 75
3.4.5 Coding 76
3.4.6 Time and Relevant Questions 76
VI
3.4.7 Training of Interviewers and Field Management 76
3.4.8 Pre-Testing 77
3.4.9 Formal Survey and Data Collection 77
3.4.10 Data Editing 78
3.5 Threats to Validity 78
3.6 Data Processing and Descriptive Analysis 78
3.7 Statistical tests 79
3.7.1 Independent Samples t-test 79
3.7.2 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis 80
3.8 Focus group 81
3.8.1 Introduction 81
3.8.2 Focus group interview 82
3.8.3 Use of the focus groups’ interviews 82
3.8.4 Selection of participants 83
3.8.5 Selection of male and female respondent 84
3.8.6 Questioning route for focus group interviews 84
3.9 The process of conducting focus groups’ interviews 85
3.9.1 The selection of moderator 85
3.9.2 Selecting the locations 86
3.9.3 Proceedings of focus groups’ interviews 86
3.9.4 Beginning the focus groups’ interview 86
3.9.5 Recording the focus groups’ interviews 87
3.9.6 Precautions adopted to improve the quality of data 88
3.10 Financial Support 90
3.11 Problems faced during data collection 90
3.12 Gender involvement in decision making process---
90
Theoretical Framework
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 98-164
4.1 Gender role(s) in agriculture, livestock, household
98
chores and social matters related activities
4.1.1 Livestock production in the study area 100
4.1.2 Gender based participation of respondents in household
102
and farm activities
4.2 Training needs related to agriculture, livestock, house
106
chores and social matters related activities
4.2.1 Gender based felt needed trainings in household and
106
farm activities
4.3 Gender involvement in agricultural decision making 110
VII
and rural development
4.3.1 The final deciding authority on household and farming
110
issues
4.4 Gender specific source of information regarding home
116
management and farm practices
4.4.1 Sources of information 116
4.5 Gender gap with reference to socioeconomic
characteristics, education, share/contribution to home
119
income and expenditure, nature and type of work
performed, gender violence and access to resources
4.5.1 Socio-economic characteristics of sample respondents 119
4.5.2 Total household income, its composition and role in
124
Household spending
4.5.3 Gender violence faced 126
4.6 Opinion of respondents regarding the gender equality
in all fields to life especially in non formal education 133
(extension)
4.6.1 Gender equality opinion evaluation through statements 133
4.7 Problems of gender main streaming in agricultural
138
decision making and extension work
4.7.1 Gender mainstreaming problems faced in the society 138
4.7.2 Factors affecting gender involvement in decision
141
making process about farming
4.7.3 Gender involvement hypotheses testing 143
4.7.4 Regression analysis of factors affecting gender
144
involvement in decision making
4.8 Interpretation of focus groups’ interviews 147
4.9 Results and discussions of focus group 149
4.9.1 Comparison between Husband and Wife respondent’s
149
roles in daily activities
4.9.2 Perceptions of husband and wife respondents about
decision making regarding to agricultural activities 151
and practices
4.9.3 Perceptions of male and female respondents about
Sources of Information regarding farm & livestock and 157
house hold practices
4.9.4 Attitudes of respondents about Gender violence in
159
your local rural society
4.9.5 Views of male and female respondents about gender
161
equality
4.9.6 Suggestions about gender mainstreaming policy for
163
rural development
4.10 Concluding remarks 164
VIII
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY 165-176

5.1 Summary of literature review 165
5.2 Summary of research methods 166
5.3 Summary of main findings 165
5.4 Recommendations 173
5.4.1 Major Recommendations 173
5.4.2 Recommendations for the Department of Agriculture
174

Government of Punjab
5.4.3 Recommendations for University of Agriculture Faisalabad 175
5.4.4 Recommendations for Ministry of Women Development 176
5.4.5 Recommendations for community and NGOs 176
5.4.6 Recommendations for future researchers 176
LITERATURE CITED 178-204
APPENDICES XXI-

XXVIII

IX
LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
Title
# #
1 Contribution of Chakwal in area and production of various
99
crops in Potohar during 2006-07
2 Average yield of major crops grown in Chakwal district and the
99
Potohar region during 2006-07
3 Frequency distribution of the respondents by major crops grown
100
on their farms
4 Livestock population in Potohar region and its share in Chakwal
100
district
5 Frequency distribution of the livestock species and average
101
number of animal heads on sample respondents’ farms
6 Frequency distribution of the livestock types and herd sizes kept
102
on sample respondents’ farms
7 Frequency distribution of the respondents by level of
104
participation in different activities
7(a) Gender-based participation ranking for household and farm
106
activities
8 Distribution of respondents according to their training needs for
108
various activities/roles
8a Ranking by mean scores about the importance of training in
110
various activities
9 Distribution of decision power lying with in the household 111
10 Distribution of spouse’s level of involvement in decision making
112
on various issues
10a Gender based ranking by mean scores about the degree of
113
empowerment in decision making
11 Respondents’ involvement in decision making on various issues
114
by household head decision making empowerment
12 Respondent involvement ranking in decision making on various
115
issues by household head decision making empowerment
13 Distribution of main reasons for not involving their spouse in
116
decision making
14 Distribution of respondents according to their source of
116
information
14a Distribution of respondents according to the reliability of
118
information provided
14b Ranking by mean scores about reliability of various sources of
information 118

15 Frequency distribution of the male and female respondents by 120
X