Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting

233 Pages·2022·30.992 MB·English

by  Naoki Shinohara, Jiafeng Zhou

Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer
and Energy Harvesting
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Artech House Electromagnetic Analysis Library,
turn to the back of this book.
Far-Field Wireless Power Transfer
and Energy Harvesting
Naoki Shinohara
Jiafeng Zhou
Editors
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13: 978-1-63081-912-5
Cover design by Andy Meaden Creative
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Contents
Preface ix
CHAPTER 1
General Introduction 1
1.1 History of Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting 1
1.2 Technical Introduction of WPT/Harvesting 7
1.2.1 Rectennas for WPT/Harvesting 8
1.2.2 Beamforming for WPT 10
1.3 Current Status of Commercialization/Regulation/Research on
WPT/Harvesting 14
References 20
CHAPTER 2
In-Room Wide-Beam WPT and Its Applications 23
2.1 Overview of Wide-Beam WPT 23
2.2 Approximation of Received Power 24
2.3 Design of Receiving Antenna 25
2.4 Management of Received Power 30
2.5 Application of Health Monitoring Sensor 32
2.6 Application of Infrastructure Monitoring Sensor 34
2.7 Distributed WPT 35
2.8 Conclusion 38
References 40
CHAPTER 3
Radiative Wireless Power Transfer 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Transmitter 41
3.2.1 Wireless Power Transmitter 43
3.2.2 PWSN: Passive Nodes 46
3.3 Wireless Experimental Results 53
3.4 Discussion 56
References 57
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vi Contents
CHAPTER 4
Wireless Power Transfer Enabled Wireless Communication 61
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 WPT and Backscatter Channels 62
4.3 Backscatter Communication Principle and Channel Model 65
4.3.1 The Principle of Backscatter Communication 65
4.3.2 Channel Coding in Backscatter Communication 67
4.3.3 Dyadic Backscatter Channel and MIMO Backscatter 69
4.4 Demodulation of Backscatter Signal 70
4.4.1 Pulsewidth Measurement Demodulation 72
4.4.2 PSK Demodulation 73
References 74
CHAPTER 5
Medical Applications 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Planar Phase-Controlled Metasurface 78
5.2.1 Conformal Metasurfaces for Wireless Power Transfer 79
5.2.2 Wireless Power Transfer for Implantable Devices In Vivo 80
5.3 Wireless Optogenetics 84
5.3.1 Cavity Resonator Capable of Powering Ultrasmall Wireless
Optogenetics 85
5.3.2 Peripheral Nerves Stimulations 86
5.4 Introduction to Long-Range Wireless Communication Technology 87
5.5 Conclusion 89
References 90
CHAPTER 6
Indoor/Outdoor-Beam WPT with Beamforming 93
6.1 Indoor-Beam WPT 93
6.2 Outdoor-Beam WPT 97
6.3 Beam WPT in Space 102
References 107
CHAPTER 7
Solar Power Satellite 109
7.1 Introduction 109
7.2 History 110
7.3 Concepts 110
7.4 Challenges 111
7.4.1 Technical 112
7.4.2 Economic 113
7.4.3 Legal 115
Contents vii
7.4.4 Schedule 115
7.5 Conclusion 116
References 116
CHAPTER 8
Low-Power Integrated Circuit Design for Energy Harvesting 119
8.1 Introduction 119
8.2 RF Energy Harvesting System 119
8.3 RF Rectifier 120
8.3.1 Basic Topology of a Rectifier 120
8.3.2 Operating Principle 121
8.3.3 Internal Resistance Modeling of Multistage Rectifier 122
8.4 Design Challenge of Low-Power Active Rectifier IC 124
8.4.1 Transit Frequency 124
8.4.2 Structure of MOSFET Devices in n-Well Process 125
8.4.3 V Comparison 125
drop
8.4.4 Cross-Coupled Architecture of an Active Rectifier 125
8.4.5 Multistage RF Active Rectifier 127
8.4.6 Design and Optimization of Flying Capacitance 129
8.5 Design Examples 130
8.5.1 Example No. 1 130
8.5.2 Example No. 2 131
8.5.3 Example No. 3 133
8.6 Conclusion 136
References 136
CHAPTER 9
Energy Harvesting for Smart Grid Application 137
9.1 Self-Powered Wireless Sensors in Smart Grid 137
9.2 Magnetic Field Energy Harvesting 140
9.2.1 Cabled-Clamped Magnetic Field Energy Harvester 142
9.2.2 Free-Standing Magnetic Field Energy Harvester 145
9.3 Electric Field Energy Harvesting 149
9.4 Conclusion 150
References 152
CHAPTER 10
Energy Harvesting from Low-Power Density Environments 155
10.1 Introduction 155
10.2 Wideband Antenna Design 155
10.3 Wide Beamwidth Antenna Design 158
10.3.1 Potential Modes of a Metasurface 159
10.3.2 Geometry of the Proposed Metasurface Antenna 162
10.3.3 Rectifier Design 163
10.3.4 Measurement Result 164
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10.4 Conclusion 167
References 168
CHAPTER 11
Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Wireless Energy Harvesting 171
11.1 Introduction 171
11.2 Design of Single-Mode Resonant Metasurfaces for Energy Harvesting 172
11.2.1 Design of Ring-Shaped Wi-Fi Band Energy Harvester 172
11.2.2 Complementary Split-Ring Resonator High-Frequency Wi-Fi
Energy Harvester Design 176
11.3 Design of Multimode Resonant Metasurfaces for Energy Harvesting 179
11.3.1 Design of Energy Harvester with Nested Ring Structure 179
11.3.2 Design of Butterfly-Type Metasurfaces for Three-Band Energy
Harvester 181
11.4 Design of Rectifying Metasurfaces 184
11.4.1 Metasurfaces Element and Rectifier Design 184
11.4.2 Array Design and Testing of RMS 190
11.5 An Optically Transparent Metantenna for RF Wireless Energy
Harvesting 195
11.5.1 Design of Optically Transparent Metantenna 196
11.5.2 Wireless Energy Harvesting Performance 198
11.6 Summary and Conclusion 201
References 203
List of Acronyms 209
About the Editors 213
List of Contributors 214
Index 215
Preface
Wireless power transfer and energy harvesting technologies can have many po-
tential applications in our daily lives. When wireless power transfer and energy
harvesting are realized, people can use electricity, which has become crucial to our
existence, without any worry about where it is coming from, much like air. There
are already wireless charging enabled devices available in the market, in a wide
range of products, such as toothbrushes, mobile phones, and drones. However, it is
fair to say, these technologies are far from perfect and mature yet. This is why they
are exciting research areas.
In this book, we will introduce topics that are most likely to have commercial
impact in the near future. We will focus in particular on far-field techniques.
Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction for wireless power transfer and energy
harvesting. We will also discuss the current status of commercialization and regula-
tion for these technologies.
Chapter 2 overviews wide-beam wireless power transfer for indoor applica-
tions. Two examples will be given to show how the technology can be adopted for
health monitoring and infrastructure monitoring applications.
Chapter 3 describes how to implement a radiative wireless power transfer sys-
tem. We will demonstrate how to wirelessly power a backscattering module. The
technology can be very useful for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
Chapter 4 explains in detail how to establish wireless power transfer enabled
wireless communications. The operation principle, including modulation, coding,
channel, and demodulation of backscatter communications will be illustrated in
this chapter.
Chapter 5 focuses on medical applications of wireless power transfer, which
has been and will continue to be a very hot research area. Several examples are
given to show how medical devices can be wirelessly powered.
Chapter 6 describes the essential technology for wireless power transfer: beam-
forming. The design considerations for indoor, outdoor, and space applications will
be analyzed.
Chapter 7 outlines the history, concept, and challenges of solar power satel-
lites. Solar power satellites could collect the sun’s energy in space and then provide
it to locations where it is needed on the Earth. The progress and challenges will be
reviewed.
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