Fanny Alger and Joseph Smith's Pre-Nauvoo Reputation PDF
Preview Fanny Alger and Joseph Smith's Pre-Nauvoo Reputation
J OURNAL OF M H ORMON ISTORY FALL 2009 COVER:Anunidentitifiedmissionaryconductsaguidedtourinthe Mormon Pavilion at the New York World’s Fair. She is standing in frontofthe“LifeofChrist”whilebehindthegroupistheChurchhis- tory mural, which includes, from left to right: Church organized; 1836:First“Mormon”Temple,Kirtland,Ohio;1838:“Mormons”ex- pelledfromMissouri;1839–1845:Nauvoo,largestcity[sic]inIllinois; 1844: Martyrdom of Prophet Joseph Smith; 1846: Exodus from Nauvoo; 1847: Brigham Young in Great Salt Lake Valley; and 1856: EuropeanimmigrantspullhandcartsacrossplainstoUtah.Alsonote the Christus statue in the background. Courtesy Bill Cotter and http://www.worldsfairphotos.com Mission Statement of the Mormon History Association TheMormonHistoryAssociationisanindependentorganizationdedi- catedtothestudyandunderstandingofallaspectsofMormonhistory.We welcome all who are interested in the Mormon past, irrespective of reli- gious affiliation, academic training, or world location. We promote our goals through scholarly research, conferences, awards, and publications. ArticlesappearinginthisjournalareabstractedandindexedinHistori- cal AbstractsandAmerica: History and Life,published by ABC-CLIO. ©2009 Mormon History Association ISSN 0194–7342 Copies of articles in this journal may be made for teaching and re- searchpurposesfreeofchargeandwithoutsecuringpermission,aspermit- tedbySections107and108oftheU.S.CopyrightLaw.Forallotherpur- poses,permissionmustbeobtainedfromtheauthor.TheMormonHistory Associationassumesnoresponsibilityforcontributors’statementsoffact or opinion. ii Staff of the Journal of Mormon History Editor: Martha Taysom Copy editor: Lavina Fielding Anderson Editorial Staff: Elizabeth Ann Anderson, Barry C. Cleveland, Linda Wilcox DeSimone, John S. Dinger, Sherman Feher, Zachary R. Jones, Scarlett M. Lindsay, Linda Lindstrom, H. Michael Marquardt, Stephen R. Moss, Rene Romig, Jerilyn Wakefield Editorial Manager: Patricia Lyn Scott Book Review Editor: Boyd Jay Petersen Business Manager: James N. Lund Compositor:Brent Corcoran Art Director:Thayne Whiting Board of Editors Polly Aird, Seattle, Washington Samuel Brown, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City Hollis R. Johnson, Bloomington, Indiana Keith A. Erekson, El Paso, Texas Jennifer L. Lund,Salt Lake City Christopher A. Newton, Terre Haute, Indiana Jonathan A. Stapley, Bellevue, Washington John C. Thomas, BYU—Idaho, Rexburg, Idaho TheJournalofMormonHistoryispublishedfourtimesayearbytheMormonHistory Association,10West100South,Suite610,SaltLakeCity,UT84101{MHA_SLC@MSN. com},(801)521–6565.Itisdistributedtomembersuponpaymentofannualdues:regular membership: $55; joint/spouse membership: $65; student membership: $25; institu- tionalmembership:$75;sustainingmembership:$125;patronmembership:$250;donor membership:$500.ForsubscriptionsoutsidetheUnitedStates,pleaseadd$20forpost- age,inU.S.currency,VISA,orMastercard.Singlecopies$15.Pricesonbackissuesvary; contactPatriciaLynScottandLindaThatcher,executivedirectors,attheaddressabove. Alsoafullydigitizedcopyofallbackissuesupthrough2007isavailableonDVDfor$40 plus $2 for postage ($15 for international postage). Contact the MHA office. TheJournalofMormonHistoryexiststofosterscholarlyresearchandpublicationin thefieldofMormonhistory.ManuscriptsdealingwithallaspectsofMormonhistoryare welcome,includingtwentieth-centuryhistoryandcontemporaryhistory,regionalandlo- calhistory,folklore,historiography,women’shistory,andethnic/minorityhistory.First consideration will be given to those that make a strong contribution to knowledge throughnewinterpretationsand/ornewinformation.TheBoardofEditorswillalsocon- siderthepaper’sgeneralinterest,accuracy,levelofinterpretation,andliteraryquality. TheJournaldoes not consider reprpints or simultaneous submissions. PapersforconsiderationmustbesubmittedtoMarthaTaysom,Editor,Journalof Mormon History, at [email protected], preferably in Word. Illustrative materials mustbeattachedinaseparatefile,notembeddedintheWorddocument.TheJournal’s styleguide,basedontheChicagoManualofStyleandtheLDSStyleGuide,andspecifica- tionsforphotographsandotherillustrativematerials,areavailableontheMormonHis- tory Association’s website {www.mhahome.org}. iii JOURNAL OF MORMON HISTORY VOLUME 35, NO. 4 FALL 2009 CONTENTS ARTICLES The Mormon Pavilion: Mainstreaming the Saints at the New York World’s Fair, 1964–65 Nathaniel Smith Kogan 1 Preaching through Playing: Using Sports and Recreation in Missionary Work, 1911–64 Jessie L. Embry and John H. Brambaugh 53 Ezra Taft Benson’s 1921–23 Mission to England Gary James Bergera 85 Fanny Alger and Joseph Smith’s Pre-Nauvoo Reputation Brian C. Hales 112 Educating the Lamanites: A Brief History of the LDS Indian Student Placement Program Brandon Morgan 191 The Church Enters the Media Age: Joseph F. Merrill and Gordon B. Hinckley Rob Taber 218 REVIEWS Dean C. Jessee, Mark Ashurst-McGee, and Richard L. Jensen, eds.,Journals, Volume 1: 1832–1839. Vol. 1 of the Journals series ofThe Joseph Smith Papers. Series editors: Dean C. Jessee, Ronald K. Esplin, and Richard Lyman Bushman. H. Michael Marquardt 233 George D. Smith,Nauvoo Polygamy: “. . . but we called it celestial marriage” Daniel Walker Howe 240 Susan Easton Black, Shauna C. Anderson, and Ruth Ellen Maness, [comps.],Legacy of Sacrifice: Missionaries to Scandinavia, 1872–1894 Kim B. Östman 242 Timothy Beal,Religion in America: A Very Short Introduction. Shannon P. Flynn 245 iv CONTENTS v David L. Clark,Joseph Bates Noble, Polygamy, and the Temple Lot Case R. Jean Addams 248 Omer (Greg) W. Whitman & James L. Varner, Neither Saint Nor Scoundrel: Almon Babbitt—Territorial Secretary of Utah Ronald G. Watt 254 Gary Topping,Leonard J. Arrington: A Historian’s Life Henry Wolfinger 256 LucknerHuggins,A Son of Ham under the Covenant: The Untold Reason the People of African Lineage did not have the Priesthood before 1978, and Marcus H. Martins,Blacks and the Mormon Priesthood Newell G. Bringhurst 260 Brian and Petrea Kelly,Illustrated History of the Church Zachary R. Jones 265 Matthew J. Grow,“Liberty to the Downtrodden”: Thomas L. Kane, Romantic Reformer Claudia L. Bushman 268 Donald G. Godfrey and Rebecca Martineau-McCarty, eds.,An Uncommon Common Pioneer: The Journals of James Henry Martineau, 1928-1918 Noel A. Carmack 273 BOOK NOTICES Andrea G. Radke-Moss,Bright Epoch: Women and Coeducation in the American West 281 John R. Llewellyn,Polygamy’s Rape of Rachel Strong 283 FacadeoftheMormonPavilion,designedbyHaroldBurton,Churcharchitect. Courtesy Bill Cotter and http://www.worldsfairphotos.com. T M P : HE ORMON AVILION M S AINSTREAMING THE AINTS AT THE N Y W ’ F 1964–65 EW ORK ORLD S AIR, Nathaniel Smith Kogan INASPEECHGIVENAT the New York World’s Fair on the sixty-eighth anniversaryofUtah’sstatehoodin1964,UtahGovernorGeorge D. Clyde emphasized that there were strong “ties binding Utah to New York.” Citing his state’s Mormon history, Clyde noted that “the journey across the plains and mountains to Utah [began] in New York State, where the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints had been organized on April 6, 1830.”1*Avoiding reference to the hostilities that Mormons faced in New York and other states inthenineteenthcentury,Clydefocusedonthepresentandthefu- ture. He had come to New York to help celebrate the LDS Church’s exhibit at the World’s Fair—an event that promised to fo- * NATHANIELSMITHKOGAN{[email protected]}isadoctoral studentattheUniversityofTexasatArlingtonandanupperschoolhistory teacher at Fort Worth Country Day, where he teaches American govern- mentandworldhistory.HereceivedhisB.A.inhistoryandarchitectural historyfromColumbiaCollege(NewYork)andhisM.A.inhistoryfromthe UniversityofTexasatArlington.HethanksProfessorsElizabethBlackmar atColumbiaUniversityandRichardFrancavigliaattheUniversityofTexas asArlingtonfortheirguidance,criticalinsights,andencouragement—allof which helped this article come to fruition. 1Governor George D. Clyde, “Official Ceremonies,” July 24, 1964, Maurice Albert Jones, Scrapbooks (ca. 1962–65), Ms 3254, fds. 2–3, LDS Church History Library, Salt Lake City (hereafter cited as Jones, Scrap- books). 1 2 The Journal of Mormon History cusinternationalattentionontheChurch. Participation in the fair marked a landmark moment for the LDSChurch,asitsexhibit,theMormonPavilion,helpedtheChurch introduce what many then considered a marginal religion to a na- tionalaudienceandcreatedthetemplatefornewproselytizingmeth- ods.TheMormonPavilionpresentedthefaithtofairgoersthrough architecture,artwork,missionarypresentations,andafilm.Thisarti- cledescribeshowconceptualizing,designing,andoperatingtheMor- monPavilionenabledLDSChurchleaderstoforgeanewpublicim- ageanddevelopnewstrategiesforproselytizing,manyofwhichper- sistincontemporaryvisitors’centers. THEWORLD’SFAIR, RELIGION, AND THE1964–65 EVENT The first World’s Fair—officially the “Great Exhibition of the WorksofIndustryofAllNations”—openedonMay1,1851,inEng- land.Thisinitialeventlaidthegroundworkformanyother“Universal Exhibitions”throughoutthesecondhalfofthenineteenthandinto thetwentiethcenturies.World’sFairsdevelopedintoshowcases,not onlyfornewindustrialtechniquesandmaterials,butalsoforcultural education.Hundredsofdisplays,dioramas,andboothsaimedtoedu- catefairgoersaboutthevarietyofpeoplethroughouttheworldand highlightinterestingaspectsofthosedifferentcultures. FlushingMeadowsinQueensBorough,NewYork,washometo boththe1939–40andthe1964–65World’sFairs;however,theroleof religioninthesetwofairswasquitedifferent.TheTempleofReligion atthe1939–40World’sFairrepresentedonlymainstreamAmerican religions—Protestantism,Catholicism,andJudaism.2**Theintergroup relationsmovement—acollaborativeeffortthatoriginatedintheearly twentieth century with Jewish self-defense organizations but which laterexpandeditsmissiontohelpeliminateprejudiceandracismin allforms—helpedthesethreeAmericanfaithscoalesce.However,the movement’saimsexpandedbeforeandduringWorldWarIIasitem- phasizedhowtheAxispowerssoughttodestabilizeAmericansociety byopeningracial,religious,andethnicrifts.3*** This intergroup coalition continued to fight prejudice ** 2Jesse T. Todd, “Imagining the Future of American Religion at the NewYorkWorld’sFair,1939–40”(Ph.D.diss.,ColumbiaUniversity,1996). *** 3The groups responsible for spearheading the intergroup relations movementincludedtheAmericanJewishCommittee,theAmericanJewish NATHANIELSMITHKOGAN/MORMON PAVILION, 1964–65 3 throughout the 1950s and into the 1960s. Given the continued prominence of the intergroup movement, the planners of the 1964–65World’sFairhopedtocreateapavilionsimilartotheTem- ple of Religion at the 1939–40 fair. To replicate the success of the previous New York World’s Fair, Fair President Robert Moses—a manwhoseroleasthemasterbuilderofNewYorkCityfundamen- tallyreshapeditsurbanenvironmentinthetwentiethcentury—com- missionedastudytodeterminewhathadmadetheTempleofReli- gionappealing.4****Thestudydiscoveredthattheprojectcametofru- itionduetothe“support—civil,moralandfinancial—oftwoleading citizens of that time—the late John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and the late WilliamChurchOsborne,”whoalsomadethe“contentandopera- tion . . . acceptable to persons of all denominations.”5+Osborn, a prominent New York Democrat and member of various philan- thropic organizations and boards, including the Metropolitan Mu- seumofArt,wasselectedbyMayorFiorelloLaGuardiatochairthe committee in charge of raising funds for the $250,000 exhibit.6++ Rockefeller,sonofthefounderofStandardOilandaprolificphilan- thropistwhodonatedover$537milliontovariouscausesduringthe courseofhislifetime,generouslycontributed$25,000totheTemple Congress,andtheAnti-DefamationLeagueofB’naiB’rith.StuartSvonkin, JewsagainstPrejudice:AmericanJewsandtheFightforCivilLiberties(NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1997), chap. 1. **** 4ThemostextensiveworkonRobertMoses’slifeandcareerremains RobertA.Caro,ThePowerBroker:RobertMosesandtheFallofNewYork(New York:AlfredA.Knopf,1974).Mosesatonetimeheldtwelveappointedposi- tionssimultaneouslyand,attheendofhisforty-four-yearcareerin1968, hadbuilt658playgroundsinNewYorkCity,416milesofparkways,and13 bridges.Forabriefersynopsis,seePaulGoldberger,“RobertMoses,Master Builder, Is Dead at 92,”New York Times, July 30, 1981, A1+. + 5J. Anthony Panuch, Letter to Robert Moses, “Report on Status of Proposed Religious Exhibit,” October 24, 1960, New York World’s Fair, 1964–65,Box339,P2.5ReligionM-Z,NewYorkPublicLibrary,Humani- tiesDivision,RareBooksandManuscriptsLibrary(thiscollectionhereaf- ter cited as New York World’s Fair Collection). ++ 6“400 to Aid Drive for Fair Temple,” New York Times, October 26, 1938, 25.
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