FANNY ALGER AND JOSEPH SMITH'S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION

79 Pages·2012·1.96 MB·English

F A J S ’
ANNY LGER AND OSEPH MITH S
P -N R
RE AUVOO EPUTATION
*
Brian C. Hales
FOROVER150YEARS, skeptics from E. D. Howe to Fawn Brodie and
beyondhavepaintedapictureofJosephSmith,evenbeforeNauvoo,
as that of a man who at least sometimes trespassed the bounds of
marital fidelity. Such writers present data and their interpretations
of it that support about a decade of intermittent dalliances before
1839 that seemed to contravene Joseph’s own publicly proclaimed
standards of chastity. Such an image obviously depends, at least to
some extent, on reading backward from the practice of polygamy in
Nauvootothe earlierperiod. But howaccurate is that picture? Ifwe
were listening tothe gossip in Quincy, Illinois, in Mayof1839about
theMormonprophet,whohadbeenallowedtoescapeamonthear-
lier by his Missouri jailors, and if we were to read descriptions by
non-Mormon writers in local newspapers, what sexual morals would
be ascribed to the Mormon prophet? Would the clamor of previous
amours mar affirmations from believers that he was a prophet? Or
wouldthecomplaintsofnaysayersfocusonotherissues?
In this article, I briefly examine all the extant accusations re-
garding sexual impropriety and plural marriage against Joseph
Smith—a total of nine—occurring before his 1839 arrival in
* BRIANC.HALES{[email protected]}isananesthesiologistat
DavisHospitalandMedicalCenterinLayton,Utah,andisthe2009presi-
dentoftheDavisCountyMedicalSociety.HeistheauthorofModernPolyg-
amy and Mormon Fundamentalism: The Generations after the Manifesto (Salt
Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2006), which received the “Best Book of
2007Award”fromtheJohnWhitmerHistoricalAssociation,andauthorof
JosephSmith’sPolygamy:History,2vols.(SaltLakeCity:GregKoffordBooks,
forthcoming).Heisthewebmasterofwww.mormonfundamentalism.com.
HeexpressesappreciationtoDonBradleyandH.MichaelMarquardtfor
their assistance in preparing this article.
112
BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 113
Nauvoo.**1 I evaluate each reported incident for its credibility and
also for its potential to have influenced the Prophet’s reputation
duringthe1830s.2***IgiveparticularattentiontoJosephSmith’srela-
tionship with Fanny Alger and its aftermath. My conclusion, after
analyzingtheavailableevidence,suggeststhat,priortoNauvoo,the
Prophet’sgeneralreputationdidnotincludeallegationsofeitherli-
** 1Includedherearealloftheaccusationsbaseduponevenmoderately
credibleevidencethatIhavebeenabletolocate.Ireadilyacknowledgethat
myresearchmaynothavebeencompleteorthatadditionalpertinenthis-
toricaldatamaybediscoveredinthefuture.Therefore,Idonotcondier
this study to be the final word regarding issues it addresses
*** 2Iexcludetwoallegationsasnotcredible.Thefirstisananonymous
article,“OneofthePriesthood,”inSaintlyFalsity(SaltLake:SaltLakeTri-
buneOffice,1885),1,2,whichclaims:“InameetingofaFemaleReliefSoci-
ety,in1853,inthiscity,Mrs.Whitneytoldthesisterspresentthatshehad
beensealedtoJosephfouryearsbeforethedateoftherevelationasgiven
[1839]; Mrs. J________ [Zina Huntington Jacobs?] said she was sealed to
him six years before that [1837]; Mrs. B______[Presendia Huntington
Buell?]saidshewassealedtohimnineyearsbeforethat[1834];andElizaR.
SnowSmithYoungaroseanddeclaredthatshewassealedtohimlongbe-
foreanyofthem[pre-1834].”Asecondisfromanevenlaterpublicationby
A.TheodoreSchroederinSomeFactsConcerningPolygamy(SaltLakeCity:
n.p.,1898),3,9,whichrepeatssomeofthefaultyinformationfromSaintly
Falsity:“Atorpriorto1835,theProphethadtakenintohishouseholdEliza
R.SnowwhoadmitsherselftohavebeenapolygamouswifeoftheProphet.
...ShegoesoutofherwaytojustifyherpresenceintheSmithhouseholdby
sayingthatshe‘WasteachingtheProphet’sfamilyschool....’Therealtruth
doubtlessisthatshewasevenin1835,apluralwifeoftheProphet.Accord-
ingtoapostates,ElizaR.Snowstatedin1853,beforeameetingofthe‘Fe-
maleReliefSociety,’thatshewassealedtoJosephSmithnineyearsbefore
thedateoftherevelation[D&C132,writtenJuly12,1843],makingit1834.
...Asearlyas1833[theconductoftheSaints]wassuchastomaketheir
neighbors believe that they were practically polygamists, and although
Rigdonasearlyas1835tookapluralwife,whichmusthavebeenknownto
the prophet, and notwithstanding that[,] probably Smith had already en-
teredthepolygamicstatewithElizaR.Snow.”Thehistoricalinaccuraciesin
thesetwodocumentsaretoonumeroustojustifyseriousconsideration,be-
ginningwiththefactthattheReliefSocietyhadnotbeenreconstitutedin
1853.However,thesetypesofstatementsarenotuncommoninthehistori-
cal record and were apparently believed by many.
114 The Journal of Mormon History
centiousness orpolygamy.
NINEACCUSATIONSOFSEXUAL MISCONDUCT
Athoroughsearchofavailablehistoricalrecordsidentifiesnine
suchaccusations.Inbriefoverview,herearethenamesofthewomen
reportedlyinvolved,theindividualallegingtherelationshipwithJo-
sephSmith,theyearoftheallegedincident,andwhereitsupposedly
occurred.
1.ElizaWinters,accordingtoLeviLewisallegedlyquotingMar-
tin Harris, became involved with Joseph Smith in 1827–29 in New
York.
2.JosiahStowell’sdaughters,accordingtotheBroomeCounty
(NewYork)prosecutor,becameinvolvedwithJosephSmithin1830in
NewYork.
3.WilliamBondallegedthatJosephSmithwasinvolvedwith“a
certainwoman”in1829–30inPennsylvania.
4.MarindaNancyJohnson,accordingtoClarkBraden,became
involvedwithJosephSmithin1832inOhio.
5.ViennaJacques,accordingtoNancyMariaSmithAlexander,
becameinvolvedwithJosephSmithin1833inOhio.
6.FannyAlgerwasreportedlyinvolvedinarelationshipwithJo-
sephSmithin1835inKirtlandaccordingtoseveraldifferentindivid-
uals. Because this episode was substantive and generated consider-
ablecommentaryandcontroversy,Iwilldiscussitlast,outoforder,af-
terdealingwiththeothereightallegations.
7. According toSidneyRigdon’s modernbiographer, Richard
S.VanWagoner,AthaliaandNancyRigdon,twoofRigdon’sdaugh-
ters,hadarelationshipwithJosephin1837inOhio.
8.AccordingtoWilhelmWyl,SarahPratttoldhimthatLucinda
PendletonMorganHarriswasinvolvedwithJosephSmithin1838in
Missouri.
9.MaryEttie V.CoraySmithclaimedthatPresendiaHunting-
tonBuellwasinvolvedwithJosephSmithin1939inMissouri.
ELIZAWINTERS
TwooftheallegationsreportedlyoccurredwhiletheProphetre-
sided in New York. The first is a one-sentence statement in Eber D.
Howe’s Mormonism Unvailed (1834), the first anti-Mormon book to
reachprint:“LeviLewisstates,thathehasbeenacquaintedwithJoseph
SmithJr.andMartinHarris,andthathehasheardthembothsay,adul-
BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 115
terywasnocrime.HarrissaidhedidnotblameSmithforhis(Smith’s)
attempttoseduceElizaWintersetc.”3***Technically,Lewis’sstatementis
not a charge of illicit sexual activity, but a report of an “attempted”
(thereforeunsuccessful)seduction,probablycomingthird-handfrom
two antagonistic sources. This statement is sometimes misquoted re-
portingthatLeviLewisaccusedJosephSmithoftryingtoseduceEliza
Winters,ratherthanLewisallegedlyquotingMartinHarris.4****
Whethersuccessfulornot,suchachargeisaseriousaccusation
whenleveledatareligiousleader,buttheallegedstatementisprob-
lematic for several reasons, including plausibility. If, in fact, Joseph
Smithstatedthat“adulterywasnocrime,”itwasaverysingularstate-
ment that he contradicted repeatedly and consistently in his subse-
quent teachings on the subject. Neither is there any record that the
Prophetreactedtothisallegationduringhislifetime.Itappearsthat
heeitherwasunawareofitorbelieveditunworthyofresponse.
Born in Delaware in 1812, Eliza Winters apparently moved to
Harmonypriorto1829.Ihavefoundnoevidencethatsheinteracted
withJosephSmithorhisfamilythere.Onelaterecollectionstatesthat
shewasafriendofEmmaSmith.5+Elizaherselfleftnostatementcon-
cerningthereportedseductionattemptwhichpurportedlyoccurred
inthelate1820s.However,duringherlifetime,shehadatleasttwo
perfect opportunities to corroborate Lewis’s alleged statement, but
failedinbothinstancestodoso.Thefirstoccurredin1833whenMar-
tinHarrisaccusedherofhavinggivenbirthtoa“bastardchild.”Eliza
*** 3Eber D. Howe, Mormonism Unvailed: Or, A Faithful Account of That
SingularImpositionandDelusionfromItsRisetothePresentTime(Painesville:
Author, 1834), 268.
**** 4Seeforexample,GeorgeD.Smith,NauvooPolygamy:“…butwecalled
itcelestialmarriage,”(SaltLakeCity:SignatureBooks,2008),29;DanVogel,
Early Mormon Documents, 5 vols. (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002),
4:296,andhisJosephSmith:TheMakingofaProphet(SaltLakeCity:Signature
Books, 2004), 178; Grant H. Palmer, “Sexual Allegations against Joseph
Smith, 1829–1835,” 1, n.d. [after 1999], unpublished manuscript, H. Mi-
chaelMarquardtCollection,MarriottLibrarySpecialCollections,Univer-
sity of Utah, photocopy in my possession.
+ 5Rhamanthus M. Stocker, Centennial History of Susquehanna County,
Pennsylvania(Philadelphia:R.T.PeckandCompany,1887),557;quotedin
Vogel,Early Mormon Documents, 4:346.
116 The Journal of Mormon History
retaliated by suing Martin.6++Throughout the court proceedings, no
one, including Eliza herself, mentioned a seduction attempt by Jo-
sephSmith,andthecasewasdismissedduetojurisdictionproblems.
Nearlyfiftyyearslater,theseventy-year-oldElizaWintershadan-
otherchancetodisparageJosephSmithwhennewspapermanFreder-
ickG.MatherinterviewedherinSusquehannaCounty,Pennsylvania,
specificallytogatherderogatorystatementsabouttheProphetfrom
hisformeracquaintances.Intheinterview,MatherrecordedElizaas
saying“JoeSmithnevermadeaconvertatSusquehanna,andalsothat
his father-in-law became so incensed by his conduct that he threat-
enedtoshoothimifheeverreturned.”7+++Notwithstandinghernega-
tiverecollections,shefailedtomakeanyaccusationregardingJoseph
Smith’s personal conduct toward her. Her apparent reticence to in-
criminatetheProphetonthatoccasionispuzzlingiftheLewisallega-
tionwastrue.8++++
Asnoted,theallegationwaspublishedin1834.However,itwas
seldom,ifever,republishedduringtherestofthedecade,suggesting
thatitdidnotinfluenceJosephSmith’spre-Nauvooreputationtoany
greatextent.RichardLymanBushmanobserved:“Consideringhow
eager the Palmyra neighbors were to besmirch Joseph’s character,
their minimal mention of moral lapses suggest libertinism was not
part of his New York reputation.”9*Marvin Hill concurred: “[It is a]
factthatnoneoftheearliestanti-Mormonwriters,neitherDogberry
++ 6MarkB.NelsonandStevenC.Harper,“TheImprisonmentofMar-
tin Harris in 1833,”BYU Studies45 (Fall 2006): 114–15.
+++ 7Quoted in Vogel,Early Mormon Documents, 4:358; see also 314, 297
note 3.
++++ 8Ibid.,4:346,characterizedherapparentsilenceonthetopicas“an
accusationsheneitherconfirmednordenied.”Itseemslikelythat,ifWin-
tershaddeniedtheaccusation,Matherwouldnothaveincludedthatadmis-
sion in his article, as it did not suit his purposes of disparaging Joseph
Smith.Regardless,whileVogel’sassessmentinJosephSmith:TheMakingofa
Prophet (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2004), 178, 619, may be techni-
callytrue,thereisnowayofknowingwhetherthesubjectwasevenmen-
tioned. Vogel treats Lewis’s report as somewhatcredible. See also Vogel,
Early Mormon Documents, 4:296–97.
* 9Richard Lyman Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New
York:AlfredA.Knopf,2005),323.Bushmancontinued:“OneofEmma’s
cousinsbymarriage,LeviLewis,saidMartinHarrisspokeofJoseph’sat-
BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 117
orE.D.Howe,chargeSmithwithsexualimmorality.”10**
THE STOWELLSISTERS
Thesecondincidentofallegedsexualimproprietytookplacein
1830 in Broome County, New York, where Joseph Smith was being
tried,thoughtheexactnatureofthechargeisunknownsincenore-
cordshavebeenlocated.Aspartoftheproceedings,thelocalprose-
cutoraccusedJosephSmithofimproperconductwithtwoofJosiah’s
daughters,probablyRhodaandMiriam,agestwenty-fiveandtwenty-
three respectively.11***Joseph later recalled: “The court was detained
for a time, in order that two young women (daughters to Mr. Stoal
[sic])withwhomIhadattimeskeptcompany;mightbesentfor,inor-
der,ifpossibletoelicitsomethingfromthemwhichmightbemadea
pretextagainstme.Theyoungladiesarrivedandwereseverallyexam-
ined,touchingmycharacter,andconductingeneralbutparticularly
astomybehaviortowardsthembothinpublicandprivate,whenthey
both bore such testimony in my favor, as left my enemies without a
pretextontheiraccount.”12****
Sincenocriminalactivitywasdiscoveredorprosecuted,itsap-
pealtonewspaperreaderswouldhavebeenminimal.Also,itseffect
upon Joseph Smith’s reputation would have been either positive or
neutral.
“A CERTAINWOMAN”
AthirdaccusationagainstJosephSmithappearedsixtyyearsaf-
ter its alleged occurrence when William Bond, a resident of Erie
County, Pennsylvania, published what he called a “history” of Mor-
tempttoseduceElizabethWinters,afriendofEmma’sinHarmony.Butthe
reportsaretenuous.Harrissaidnothingoftheeventinhismanydescrip-
tions of Joseph, nor did Winters herself when interviewed much later.”
** 10MarvinS.Hill,“SecularorSectarianHistory?ACritiqueofNoMan
Knows My History, in Newell G. Bringhurst, ed., Reconsidering No Man
Knows My History: Fawn M. Brodie and Joseph Smith in Retrospect (Logan:
Utah State University Press, 1996), 80.
*** 11Dean C. Jessee, ed., The Papers of Joseph Smith: Volume 1, Autobio-
graphicalandHistoricalWritings(SaltLakeCity:DeseretBook,1989),1:254
note 2.
**** 12JosephSmith,“HistoryofJosephSmith,”TimesandSeasons4(De-
cember 15, 1842): 41. See also Vogel,Early Mormon Documents, 1:118.
118 The Journal of Mormon History
monismin1890.Heclaimed:
In about the year 1829–30, Joseph Smith visited Erie County,
Pennsylvania, oftenas hewaspassing from Ohio into westernNew
York,andheldmeetingstogainproselytesintheMormonfaith....
Someoftheoldandmoresubstantialcitizens,HenryTeller,Ranson
Bromley,HenrySlator,andothers,noticedanimproperintimacybe-
tweenJosephSmithandacertainwoman,whichledtoafurtherinves-
tigation of Smith’s character, and finally exposure of his improper
conduct before one of these assemblies. Smith, however, having
friends, still declared his innocence. The next evening a wooden
horsewasfoundbeforetheinnwhereSmithwaslodging,andonthe
horsewas written:“Assistancewill be givenby twelvegentlemen to
mountthishorse(hebeinghigh),andiftheseatishardaquantityof
feathersandtarshallnotbewithheldtomakethejourneypleasant,as
heisafastrider.”IneednotinformyouSmithwasseennomorein
that vicinity.13+
Thisverylateaccountisproblematicinseveralrespects.Mostse-
riously,thechronologyofJosephSmith’stravelscontradictsthealle-
gations.Joseph’sfirsttripthroughErieCountywaswithEmmawhen
theywerewestboundfromFayette,NewYork,in1831.Erie,Pennsyl-
vania, is located about eightymiles east ofKirtland, Ohio. It is true
that Joseph traversed this area several times in ensuing years. Since
BondidentifiesproselytizingasoneofJoseph’spurposesinentering
thecounty,themostlikelyvisitforthiswoodenhorseincidentwould
have been in October 1833, when, accompanied by Sidney Rigdon
andFreemanNickerson,JosephvisitedSpringville,ErieCounty,for
twodays.Hewrote:“Alargeandattentivecongregationassembledat
Brother Rudd’s in the evening, to whom we bore our testimony.”14++
Thenextday,hecrossedthecounty,arrivingatElkCreek,stillinthe
county. Noextant records suggest that anything untoward occurred
orthatJosephwasharassedbylocalswhowishedtoretaliateforsome
currentorpreviousindiscretion.Inadditiontothisvisit,Josephalso
cameintothecounty(1)inOctober1832,accompaniedbyNewelK.
WhitneytoacquiregoodsforastoreinKirtland;(2)inFebruary1834
+ 13WilliamBond,TheEarlyHistoryofMormonism...(Portland,Ore.:
Schwab Brothers, 1890), 18–19.
++ 14JosephSmithetal.,HistoryoftheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-day
Saints,editedbyB.H.Roberts,7vols.,2ded.rev.(SaltLakeCity:Deseret
Book, 1948 printing), 1:416.
BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 119
accompanied by Parley P. Pratt to assemble volunteers for Zion’s
Camp,and(3)inAugust1836,accompaniedbyHyrumSmith,Sidney
Rigdon,andOliverCowderyinanunsuccessfulefforttoraisefunds
to stabilize the Kirtland Safety Society.15+++Furthermore, Cheryl
HamonBean,whoresearchedLDSbaptismsinErieCountybetween
1831and1833,identifiesatleast122newmembersandfoundnoevi-
dencethatJosephSmithhadearlierbeenaccusedofimproprietiesin
thecounty.16++++
AsaseconddifficultywithBond’sallegations,itseemsunlikely
thatsuchanevent,whichoccurredsemi-publiclyandinvolvedatleast
twelve notable members of the community, had remained unmen-
tioned for more than fifty years. Erie was geographically close to
Kirtland. It seems improbable that the improprieties described
wouldhavegoneunnoticedbyJoseph’senemieslikePhilastusHurl-
burt,E.D.Howe,orGrandisonNewell.Theaccountstatesthat“sub-
stantial citizens, Henry Teller, Ranson, Bromley Slator, and others”
were informed.17*In addition, an “assembly” discussed Joseph’s im-
proper conduct and determined a course of action, including the
threatof“tarandfeathers.”Butagain,exceptforBond,norecordof
thiscommunityeventexists,eitherinconnectionwithJosephSmith
or,asfarasIhavebeenabletolearn,withanyoneelse.Inshort,this
allegationrestssolelyuponBond’sunsupportedmemory.
MARINDA NANCY JOHNSON
ThefourthaccusationregardingJosephSmithinvolvedMarin-
daNancyJohnson,bornJune28,1815,thedaughterofJohnandElsa
Johnson of Hiram, Ohio. Joseph and Emma lived at the Johnson
home during two separate periods, from September 1831 to April
1832andagainfromJulytoSeptember1832.Josephhadhealedher
mother of a disability that prevented her from using her arm, and
mostofthefamilyhadjoinedtheChurchin1831.Twoofherbroth-
ers,LymanandLuke,wereamongthefirstTwelveApostleschosenin
+++ 15J.ChristopherConkling,AJosephSmithChronology(SaltLakeCity:
Deseret Book, 1979), 36, 53, 92.
++++ 16CherylHamonBean,“LDSBaptismsinErieCounty,Pennsylvania
1831–1833,Nauvoo Journal5, no. 2 (Fall 1993): 59–102, esp. 64–65.
* 17Researchconfirmsthatthesemenwereindeedintheareaduring
thetimeinquestion,butnoneleftanynegativerecordconcerningJoseph
Smith.
120 The Journal of Mormon History
Drawing by unknown artist, published in Charles Mackay, ed., The Mor-
mons, or Latter-day Saints; with Memoirs of the Life and Death of
JosephSmith,theAmericanMahomet,4thed.(London:OfficeoftheNa-
tional Illustrated Library, 1851), 55; 1851 edition in my possession.
1835, though both later became disaffected. Luke reaffiliated with
MormonismwhileLymandidnot.
Marinda’sbrotherLuke,wroteanaccountofthemobbing,pub-
lishedin1864:
Inthefallof[sic;shouldbespringof]1832,whileJosephwasyet
at my father’s [John Johnson], a mob of forty or fifty came to his
house,afewenteredhisroominthemiddleofthenight,andCarnot
MasondraggedJosephoutofbedbythehairofhishead;hewasthen
seizedbyasmanyascouldgetholdofhim,andtakenaboutfortyrods
BRIANC.HALES/JOSEPH’S PRE-NAUVOO REPUTATION 121
fromthehouse,stretchedonaboard,andtantalizedinthemostin-
sultingandbrutalmanner;theytoreoffthefewnightclothesthathe
hadon,forthepurposeofemasculatinghim,andhadDr.Dennison
there to perform the operation; but when the Dr. saw the Prophet
strippedandstretchedontheplank,hisheartfailedhim,andhere-
fused to operate.18**
Luke’s account does not attribute the intent to emasculate Jo-
seph to sexual impropriety on his part; but Fawn Brodie retells the
story, tellingly casting it as hearsay, “It is said that Eli Johnson de-
mandedthattheprophetbecastrated,forhesuspectedJosephofbe-
ing too intimate with his sister, Nancy Marinda.”19***In fact, Eli was
Marinda’suncle(herfather’sbrother),notoneofherownbrothers.
Furthermore,BrodiewasquotingClarkBraden,aChurchofChrist
(Disciples) minister, who made the allegation of immorality in an
1884debatewithE.L.Kelley,counselorinthePresidingBishopricof
theRLDSChurch.20****Frommyresearch,Bradenseemstohavebeen
theveryfirstpersontoassertsexualimproprietyasamotiveforthe
mob.Theaccusationwasnotincludedinanypublicationprinteddur-
ingthefifty-twoyearspriortoBraden’s1884debatewithKelley,even
thoughmanyreportedthetarringandfeatheringepisode.
For example, in their 1861 publication, A Journey to Great Salt
LakeCity,JulesRemyandJuliusBrenchleyfailtoaccuseJosephSmith
ofanysexualimproprietywhendiscussingthe1832mobbing.21+Antag-
onisticauthorJohnH.BeadleaccusesJosephSmithof“attemptingto
** 18“HistoryofLukeJohnson,”MillennialStar26(December31,1864):
834. See alsoMillennial Star27 (January 7, 1865): 5–7.
*** 19FawnM.Brodie,NoManKnowsMyHistory:TheLifeofJosephSmith,
the Mormon Prophet, 2nd rev. ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 119.
**** 20E.L.KelleyandClarkBraden,PublicDiscussionoftheIssuesbetween
the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and the Church of
Christ(Disciples)HeldinKirtland,Ohio,BeginningFebruary12,andClosing
March8,1884,betweenE.L.Kelley,oftheReorganizedChurchofJesusChristof
Latter DaySaintsandClarkBraden,of the Churchof Christ(St.Louis:Clark
Braden, 1884), 202.
+ 21JulesRemyandJuliusBrenchley,AJourneytoGreatSaltLakeCity,2
vols.(London:W.Jeffs,1861),1:282.Thisallegationisalsonotmentioned
in the anonymous History of the Mormons (London: William and Robert
Chambers, 1853), 16; A. M. Pigott, Mormonism: Its History, Doctrines, and
Practices(London:AldineChambersandPaternosterRow,1853),14,and