False Memory Syndrome Foundation Vol 04 No 05 1995 may

20 Pages·1995·0.97 MB·English

FMs Foundation Newsletter
3401 Mart!tStreet suite .1.34 Pmfatfeij;Na_ Pfll!llO?E15. (215-3S7-1865J 'f'of4 !J(p. 5
May 2, 1995
"The timing couldn't have been better if
planned. On the day the first part of Ofra Bike/'s . According to a report by Alex Beam on April 12, 1995
documentary 'Divided Memories' aired on PBS, !" T~e. Bo_ston Globe, Harvard University has begun an
an appellate court overturned the 1990 conviction mvesuga~IOn of psychiatrist John Mack, MD, famous
of George Frank/in Sr. in a case based on the testi- ~ecause h1s patients recover memories of space alien abduc-
mony of his daughter, who said she had seen her hon and abuse. According to the article, the Harvard Uni-
father kill her friend Susan in 1969 but / ______v_ e_rs_it:_y_c_o~mmittee "~~.already drafted a preliminary report
had suppressed all memory of it for 20 that cnUctzes Mack's research, and finds him
Inside
years." 'in violation of the standards of conduct
"Of the two blows to the expected of a member of the faculty of Har~
'repressed memory' industry, Bikel's is Frontline Reviews 2 vard University.'" Consumers might justifi~
the more devastating." Our Critics 4 ably wonder why the American Psychiatric
Association did not take the lead in such an
Ca1hy Young. Detroit News, April I I, 1995 McHugh 5 investigation since the safety and well~being
Satanic Update 6 of patients is involved. Consumers mightjusti-
Dear Friends, Legal Corner 8 fiably wonder why the American Psychiatric
Psychotherapy is an essential service Weaver 10 Association has not yet issued any statements
and people who need that service should be From Our Readers 13 about the value of space alien abduction ther~
assured of quality care. The American public apy, past life therapy, satanic cult therapy,
is increasingly behaving as responsible consumers of that screaming therapy, reparenting therapy, and a
service. The absurdities and logical inconsistencies of the host of other questionable techniques. Where is even the
recovered memory therapy movement have received wide appearance of concern for the safety and well-being of cli~
exposure this past month, increasing skepticism about the ents?
wild claims of 'recovered memory' and magical memory Like the American Psychological Association, the
processes. Consumers know that there is agreement that American Psychiatric Association also opposes the legisla~
child abuse is a terrible problem and that the FMS contro~ tive efforts. In the April 7, 1995 issue of Psychiatric News,
versy is draining resources from helping children in the American Psychiatric Association Medical Director Melvin
here-and~now. They know that five professional organiza~ Sabshin, MD noted that "The proposed federal legislation
tions have stated that there is no way to tell the truth of a also ignores the fact that psychiatrist physicians-and non~
memory unless there is external corroboration. They do not physical mental health providers-are already licensed and
know why this controversy continues. extensively regulated at the state level, and are also directly
answerable to their peers and to state .licensing and review
boards for allegations of unethical and unprofessional con~
"It's a senseless, dumb war," Ofra Bike I, duct." Unfortunately, thousands of families will testify to
Dr. Sabshin that the system he described has failed.
So.n Diego Union-Tribune, Mark Sauer, April 1 I, 1995
This month, we take a look at the current perception of
recovered memory therapy. We examine the opinions of
Why do professional organizations continue to defend people who have no affiliation with the FMSF by looking at
recovered memory therapy? To consumers, it gives every the reviews of the PBS documentary 'Divided Memories.'
appearance of a disregard for the safety and well~being of We look at the tactics our critics use to avoid dealing with
the public. This month, for example, in the April APA M on~ the scientific issues, and we consider the overturning of the
itor, Sara Martin noted that the Council of the American Franklin case and some of the comments that have appeared
Psychological Association allocated $18,500 "to monitor in other legal cases in the news.
the backlash faced by therapists, educators and researchers The rate of returners and retractors is increasing .. We
who work on abuse issues." $750,000 was set aside "for a suspect that this phenomenon is going to be over for many
comprehensive public~education campaign that will pro~ families before the profession understands what has hap
mote the value of psychology." The AP A Council passed a pened. We worry that many fine mental health professionals
resolution opposing the "so~called Mental Health Consumer will be harmed because they have not separated from the
Protection Act." recovered memory movement.
• No money was described as allocated for an outcome $18,500 to study the 'backlash' rather than produce an
study of recovered memory therapy or any other therapy. outcome study of the effectiveness of recovered memory
• No concern was expressed about how the profession therapy. We are a long way from the end of this problem.
could have failed in its responsibility to so many thousands Pamela
of clients and families.
• No discussion was described about how the APA
could improve monitoring within the profession. "There's a backlash all right!
• No mention was made of any initiative by the APA to It's a backlash against science."
introduce their own suggested legislation that would help to
Alan Gold, Barrister, Toronto, April 22, 1995
curtail some of the terrible excesses currently taking place.
FMs
May 1995 Foundation Newsletter page2
REVIEWS OF FRONTLINE'S One issue dominated the comments: the therapists' notion
DIVIDED MEMORIES Qf "truth." Some reviewers specifically noted the logical
inconsistency of therapists who said that it was not their
The airing of 'Divided Memories,' the four-hour docu
job to be a detective to determine the "truth" while at the
mentary by Ofra Bikel and Karen O'Connor shown on PBS
same time saying that they should "validate" their patients'
on April 4 and 11, provided a unique opportunity to exam
memories of abuse.
ine the opinion and understanding of recovered/repressed
memory therapy in a relatively systematic manner in a pop·
ulation that has no involvement with the Foundation. We "And yet the therapists she interviews, while stat
collected approximately 30 reviews of 'Divided Memory' ing they believe their patients, Insist it is abso
available on a computer database and added another 10 that lutely not their job to try to corroborate whether a
were mailed to us. The titles of these reviews tell their father actually raped his daughter before accus
own story. ing him of the crime.n
San Diego Union Tribune, April 11, Mark Sauer
When therapy is the disease
(The Vancouver Sun)
"In her new 'Frontline' documentary, 'Divided
Repressed memory theorists self~destruct
Memories,' Ofra Bikel takes on the issue of
(Detroit News)
repressed memory and what's come to be known
A tale of manipulated memories as the 'recovery movement' generally. For the
(The lndianapolis Stat)
therapy schools in question, this is most certainly
Frightening look at regression therapy not good news ... Here are psychologists confi~
(The Washington Post) dently explaining that whether the patients'
Growth Industry: Helping recall sexual abuse 'recovered' memories of abuse are factual or not
(The New York Time) is irrelevant-for there is no such thing as
truth-and, after all, the most important goal of
We examined each review to note the points mentioned
therapy is to make the patient feel powerful."
by the reviewers. Many of the reviews noted that the pro
Wall Street Journal, April 3, 1995, Oorothy Rabinowitz
gram offered equal opportunity to both sides. No review
even hinted that there was any unfairness in this program.
aThey're not detectives or fact-finders, they say,
"Bikel wants you to make up your own mind about
neither judge nor jury. What they often appear is
this controversial subject and both sides are
arrogant, dangerously enabling vulnerable
allowed plenty of time to make their cases.~
patients' delusions to take a life of their own ... At
The Sesttle Times, April3, 1995, John Voorhees
times, you feel you've stumbled into an absurdest
episode of The X-Files, as in a hypnosis session
"There is no need to editorialize in her documen where a woman recalls being abused by her baby
tary because simply by turning on the camera in sitter. Then she flashes back to a former life
these 'therapy' sessions viewers can judge for where she says she abused the baby sitter, who
themselves.~ was then her servant...lt would be funny if it
Globe snd Mail, April4, 1995, John Haslett Cuff weren't so scary. Divided· Memories is one long
shudder of the national soul. a
~Her film can be called even-handed in that both USA Today, April4, 1995, Matt Roush
critics and champions of recovered memory get
equal time-enough for the latter to self-destruct.~ "The casualness of some therapists about
Detroit News, Apri/11, 1995, Cathy Young
whether or not such memories are objectively fac
tual can be breathtaking.a
ult is a straightforward and even-handed docu The Fresno Bee, Apri/4, 1995, Kirk Nicewonger
mentary, but casts a suitably skeptical eye on the
pseudoscience of a looking-glass
"And she uses repressed-memory
world where the sheer extrava· Video copies of 'Divided Memories'
therapists' own comments to dis·
gance of a patient's claim can are available for $133.50. ($155.00
credit them. They admit, for exam·
become the primary support for it abroad). Transcripts are available for
pie, that they regard the truth of
and outside disbelief is trans $10.00 each.
patient claims of abuse as irrele
formed into the evidence of Journal Graphics
vant to treatment, despite the
ndenial." 800-825-5746 or 303-831-9000
awful consequences of such
The Plain Deafer, April 4, 1995, Tom 1535 Grant Street
assertions."
Fe ran Denver, CO 80203
New York Daily News, Apri/4, 1995,
Eric Mink
FMs
May 1995 Foundation Newsletter
page3
The absurd extremes of ,-------------------
~At issue is whether rec
recovered memory therapy A daughter and her therapist can make a new kind of
ollections of abuse culled
such as space alien abduc- lynching party today, the documentary shows. Why
through therapy consti
tion, past lives and intergen- would anybody make up such ·stories, it is argued.
tute credible evidence of
erational satanic cult beliefs They are so odious. Yes, but isn't that what mental
wrongdoing or whether
are in danger of undermining illness is? lt defies reason.
they are unconscious
all mental health treatment. Newsday, April 9, 1995, Marvin Kitman
responses to suggestions
Some comments in the
by therapists who have a
'Divided Memories' reviews support an observation of vested interest in finding abuse· and a cavalier
increasing public distrust of mental health treatment. attitude toward truth.~
The Baftimore Sun, April5, 1995, Editorial
"The healing profession seems to be filled with
strange new therapies, which would play well on
"Ofra Bikel's documentary carefully uncovers the
the Shrinkovision network. .. 'Divided Memories' is
agony of the process and the devastation of the
a dysfunctional family festival that does for psy allegations that spring from it. 11 also Jays bare the
chotherapy what the Whitney Biennial does for
irresponsible, unethical and mercenary behavior
art. And the most fascinating thing of all about the
of some therapists ...T he controversy will con
repressed-memory debate is that anybody who
tinue. The August installment of a newsletter
finds some of these people and
.-------------~ called the 'Psychologist's legal
their theories a little hard to take The events of the past several years Update' quotes a legal expert as
is, as they say, in denial. suggest that the price of not waiting estimating that court costs in
Newsday, April 9, 1995, for scientific knowledge may be repressed-memory cases will run
Marvin Kitman disastrously high. It is imperative about $25 million annua11y in cam-
that all involved in this debate work
hard to ensure that the standards of ing years. The legal newsletter
"In the end you have to wonder
science, not rhetoric or pseudo- seeks to help therapists finan-
about certain of the 225,000
science, constitute the framework for cially. Frontline, by demonstrating
licensed psychotherapists who
future discussion. the dreadful human conse
practice shrinking techniques
Daniel L. Schacter quences of a cavalier approach to
ranging from the old-fashioned
Scientific American, April, 1995 repressed memory, may help
talking cure to past-life regres
Review of Making Monsters them morally."
sions. Some of the play-acting
Philadelphia Inquirer, April4, 1995,
mumbo jumbo is distinctly Jonathan Stonn
creepy.n
The Denver Post, April4, 1995, Joanne Oslrow
"The controversy around repressed memory has
a'Divided Memories' becomes one of television's the psychoanalytic establishment worried about
most extraordinary investigations into the legiti spillover-that it will cast psychotherapy per se in
macy of psychotherapy itself-its pseudo-reli a dubious light. And in fact, the number of
gious aspects, its penchant for launching pop patients seeking therapy has declined in the past
movements that soon fizzle, its preference for few years, although the likely cause is the eco
feelings over reason. The children of Freud are nomic pinch on the middle class (to say nothing
now at an unprecedented crisis point.~ of managed care) rather than the fear that one is
Los Angeles Times, April4, 1995, Robert Koehler going to be brainwashed into denouncing one's
parents as satanic child abusers ... lt's also possi
"'Divided Memories' has to be viewed as a land ble, given their deficient deductive ability, that
mark program in the way it skewers psychobab recovered memory adherents will find support for
ble and displays the tragic human fallout of an their theories and practices in Divided Memories. a
overtherapized nation ... And while remaining The Village Voice, April 11, 1995, Amy Taubin
admirably unbiased on the issue, Bikel nonethe
Frontline reviews to be continued in June.
less leaves the impression that at least some of
the instances are attributable directly to the power
THE HARSHEST REVIEW OF ALL
of suggestion (i.e. brainwashing) during psycho
therapy sessions. This is, of course, a serious "I cannot believe they are adults, like you mother. What are
breach of professional ethics ... " they, faking it? When little children play doctor, they know
Santa Cruz County, April 4, 1995, Ray Richmond they are playing."
lOth grade student's reaction to Divided Memories Pt I
'F11s
May 1995 Foundation Newsletter page4
OUR CRITICS Operation Rescue. On the Internet, several posts have corn·
pared FMSF to Operation Rescue. This comparison rests on
NAME CALLING:
the picketing of one person, Chuck Noah, in Seattle, Wash·
(We apologize if the language in this section offends readers.) ington.
Many of our critics have now resorted to name calling. Chuck Noah does not, nor does he claim to speak or act
A reasonable assumption is that people resort to name call· for the Foundation. Chuck is a retired construction worker
ing when they have no scientific or logical arguments. and picketing is a part of his experience for making change.
Chuck has said that picketing is something he just has to do
Example I. Following is a passage from the Miami Herald, even though he knows that it is not something that the FMS
April 3, 1995, "Sexual abuse and memory: A status check" Foundation supports.
by Fred Tasker. Some people write. Some people have become
involved in trying to change the laws that govern mental
uoelaney Nickerson, of the American Coali·
health. One person in the entire nation, Chuck Noah, has
lion for Abuse Awareness, voices that pain,
found that picketing is a way for him to express the anger
angrily referring to the False Memory Syn·
that he feels for the harm done to his daughter, for the grief
drome Foundation as "The F---ing Molesters'
that he feels over the loss of his daughter, for the outrage
Society.'n
that he feels at the injustice of being called a child molester
The American Coalition for Abuse Awareness (ACAA) is a
by people who refuse to talk to him, and for the frustration
lobbying group headed by lawyer Sherry Quirk, a partner of
that he feels because there is no monitoring of the mental
the firm Vemer, Liipfert, Berhhard, McPherson and Hand
health system in this country. Chuck Noah must be having a
in Washington, DC which supports ACAA on a pro bono
profound effect if he is being equated with Operation Res·
basis. (In a recent talk, Ms Quirk made a point of noting
cue.
that former Senator Lloyd Bentsen and former Governor
IN PROFESSIONAL PUBLICATIONS:
Ann Richardson were members of the firm.) The Coalition
for Accuracy About Abuse started by Ellen Bass and Rene Example 1. Alice Phillips, M.D., in Washington wrote that
Fredrickson recently merged with ACAA. "Some of us who have educated ourselves in the treatment
of dissociative disorders refer to the False Memory Syn--~
Example 2. The material distributed at the "Stone
drome Foundation folks as 'the falsies .. .'" ... in the March
Angels" satanic ritual abuse conference in Thunder Bay in
· 1995 issue of Clinical Psy
February is being examined as
chiatry News.
"hate literature.'' The following ''The Van Der Kolk Good Novel Theory"
was contained in the handouts at for determining the truth of a patient's report Example 2. Family Therapy
this conference which received Networker,March/April '95.
Frontline, "Divided Memories" April4, 1995
financial support from the In "Caught in the Cross Fire"
Ontario government. BESSEL VAN DER KOLK, M.D .. Harvard Medical Katy Butler writes that in
School: Every time people tell a story, it's basically a direct contradiction to state·
FMS story that is looking for somebody to believe you, to ments by FMSF that the
to be convinced. Of vital importance for a person's claims are rarely corrabo
FMS this, FMS ...
well-being, own well-being, is to make a narrative of rated, other therapists have
which stands for
their own life that makes sense to them. And for reported "fathers who admit,
FULL OF MOSTLY SHIT.
people's own well-being, the accuracy of one's own and apologize for things their
And their slogan is, story about oneself is not critical. We all tell tales daughters recall after years
FOR MORE SADISM about ourselves. We all have images of ourselves that of forgetting." (comment:
And they advocate for are not entirely in keeping with the reality of one's Ms Butler has mixed "apples
FELONS, MURDERERS, life, but we need to have a coherent version of and oranges.'' Families who
SCUMBALLS ourselves. call the FMS Foundation tell
And they receive funding from INTERVIEWER: So what do you do? How do you us that no attempt is made to
FREQUENT MOLESTERS ever know what the patient is saying actually hap corroborate their children's
SYNDICATE pened? memories. That is a fact.
Using a different population
And I want them to know that
Dr. BESSEL V AN DER KOLK: It's like reading a to make a counterpoint to
they aren't
novel. You read a bad novelist, after a while, you put Foundation data moves the
FOOLING MANY SURVI
the book down because the story doesn't cohere. The debate from the scientific to
VORS
story doesn't make sense. People don't talk this way the political.)
FMS TillS, FMS. and people don't interact this way and the book is
lousy. If you read a great book and the characters are Example 3. California Ther
Example 3. At the opening of true to life, that's how people really feel and interact apist March April 1995.
the Women's Law Project and with each other. And eventually, when you do clinical Anne Hart, survivor of incest
the Penn Women's Center pro· work with people, the internal coherence of the story, and ritual abuse and a peer
gram on "Sexual Abuse Memory how it all hangs together, is not very different from counselor, notes in the
& the Law," on April21, 1995, what the great novelists do. ''Great Debate" that there is
the FMSF was compared to not a diagnosis of FMS. "It is
a term created for maximum
JMs
Foundation Newsletter
May 1995 pages
media impact, serving those who have the most to lose if sexual abuse as a child may have played a role in his adult
the truth is revealed." ''The denial of
child abuse is as old as child abuse ,---------------~ deviant behavior. I described several
itself; the perpetrators continue But what if the memory of abuse ways that we attempted to challenge his
shrill their innocence." 10 is not true? ul don't care if it's true n ac~o~nt of sexual abuse. A counter
C . . . - . ' optmon was that he was fraudulently
Example 4 "Dissociative identity dis- one _allfomla therapist replies to that claiming this abuse so as to blunt criti-
order and the trauma paradigm" in ~uestlon. "What actually happened is cism and escape some punishment for
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Theo- Irrelevant to me ... We all live in a his actions.
retical and Treatment Controversies, delusion.~ . "O~e of~e methods we employed
1995, L. Cohen, J. Berzoff & M Elin The Washmgton Post414195 was an mterv1ew under amytal sedation.
(Eds.). Denise Gelinas states, "The It was not our aim to use this sedated
FMS~ actively enlists other accused parents and coaches . . . ~tate to explore his memory for other
them m .w~ys .to attac)c th~ir children's credibility." 'Their expenences 10 hts htstory. We did, and still do, consider an
mo~t st~mg mnovatt~ns mclude the fabrication of a hypo- amytal sedated patient to be vulnerable to influence that can
thettcal dtsorder-the false memory syndrome'-and their create artifactual memories. Our effort was devoted to
inte~tiC!nal manipulation of a wiliing press." "Clinicians are observing whether he would admit, under amytal sedation,
begmmng to defend themselves from these attacks in a that h.e had concocted a child. abuse story and might then
number of ways. One form of defense is to examine the ~eny It. Dr · Berenson held to hts memories despite the seda-
motivations of the attackers, particularly those individuals tton. We then launched other efforts to confinn or dismiss
within the FMSF, since the Foundation them. When all our investigations were completed we as
has been so central to these attacks. noted in the transcript, concluded r'hat
Rockwell (1994) writes that "the False he had been sexually abused and was
Memory Syndrome' is a sham invented JUDITH HERMAN • M.D., not untruthful in this matter.
by pedophiles and sexual abusers for Psychiatrist: If we take seriously our :·Not~c~ that at the start, our diag-
the media." This book was published duty to our patients, then we are nos.ttc ?Ptnton was not settled by the
by Jason Aronson. allies when they're healing and we patient s report. Rather efforts were
are helping them to become more d!rected towards verifying or rejecting
powerful, to become freer, to become hts account of events that had bap-
Example S Last month we mentioned
more assertive and to be in a pened years before. We believed and
that the Conference at Kansas Univer
psychological condition where they still believe that we were ultimately
sity Medical Center seemed to end in
can, in fact, hold perpetrators acting in the patient's interest by
personal attack. We did not elaborate
accountable, where they're nOt retaining an initial skepticism towards
and as a consequence have received
intimidated and they're not afraid to hi~ claims and in launching a good
several questions about that session
tell the truth. fatth effort to confirm or reject them.
which was titled, "Science, Memory,
Dr. JUDITH HERMAN: As a We encourage similar efforts - not
the Courts, and Practice: What Do We
therapist, your job is not to be a necessarily of an identical kind - to
Know and How Do We Know It?".
detective. Your job is not to be a fact challenge childhood memories when
While the speaker, Kenneth Pope,
finder. Your job is not to be a judge subsequent treatment and management
Ph.D. began with a presentation of
or a jury and your job is also not to will depend upon their accuracy."
important data about the difficulties of
make the family feel better. Your job
monitoring the profession of psychol
is to help the patient make sense out
ogy, the talk moved into another area.
of her life, make sense out of her RECOMMENDED READING
Several people associated with FMSF
symptoms, cope better with her Admissibility of hypnotic evidence in
who had nothing to do with the confer
symptoms and make meaning out of U.S. courts. Giannelli, ?.International
ence were singled out and the audience
her experience. That's your job. Journal of Clinical and Experimental
was asked to feel empathy for them.
"Divided Memories" April4, 1995 Hypnosis, Vol XLl/1, No 2, Aprill995,
Issues were not discussed.
Dr. Pope went on to describe the L-------------_.1 212-233.
work of several professionals on the
Necessity of memory experts for the defense in prosecu
~S~ Advisory Board ..B ec~use this session was not taped, tions for child sexual abuse based upon repressed memo
tt ts difficult to be specific 10 most instances. In one case ries. American Criminal Law Review, Vol32 No 49 (1994)
hOwever, a transcript quoting Paul McHugh was read. (Or:
69-75.
McHugh was no longer present to respond.) What was read
made it sound as though Dr. McHugh personally practiced Repressed memories and statutes of limitations: Examining
the memory-recovery techniques of hypnosis and sodium the data and weighing the consequences. Campbell, T.,
amytal about which he has publicly urged caution. We American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, Vol 16, #2,
obtained a copy of the transcript that was read, and we con (1995), 25-51.
tacted Dr. McHugh for his response.
Some additional light on the childhood sexual abuse-psy
chopathology axis. Levitt, E. & Pinnell, C. International
PAULMCHUGH, M.D.: ''The transcript is of my interview
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol XLIII,
on Nightline where I was asked by Dr. Richard Berenson to
join him in discussing how his (unforgotten) experience of No 2, Aprill995, 145-162.
FM;s
Foundation Newsletter
May 1995 page6
Satanic Panic is Sweeping There have been three
through Ontario "Claims about satanic cult ritual child abuse (SRA) thorough studies that refuted
arise from the convergence of two different moral the existence of organized
By a Parent from Ontario
panics: the child sexual abuse scare and the satanic intergenerational satanic cults:
Something strange is bap~ cult scare. Social scientists use the term "moral the FBI (K. Lanning) report
pening in Ontario. Since panic" to refer to a social condition in which a great (1992), the National Centre on
November 1994, five satanic many people in a society over-react to a newly per- Child Abuse and Neglect
ritual abuse conferences or ceived threat to their well-being from social deviants, report ( 1994) and the British
workshops were held in vari even though the actual threat is either' nOn-existent or report by J. LaFontaine (1994).
ous cities across the province. greatly exaggerated. Unlike an episodic panic, such as There is, however, another
The one in Toronto was held the "War of the Worlds" panic of 1938, a moral panic aspect of this issue. If there are
under the title "Fighting the is long-lasting and gives rise to organizations, laws no intergenerational satanic
'false memory syndrome' and procedures to combat the perceived threat. Moral cults, where do all the survi-
backlash," was for women panics are usually accompanied by moral crusades vors who claim to have been
only, and participants were against the social deviants and their perceived "evil" abused in them come from? If
instructed not to wear black, influences in society. Examples of past moral panics there is no intergenerational
white or red dresses, stripes, include the European witch-hunt, outbreaks of anti- satanic conspiracy, then
and black combat boots, in Semitic persecutions, the white slavery scare and the alleged survivors must suffer
order to be sensitive to ritual 1950s Red Scare in the V .S." from false memories. There is
abuse survivors. Then there Jeffrey Victor now documented evidence
was a two~part conference in Satanic Panic Update, Skeptic, June, 1995 from retractors about the ori-
Thunder Bay called, "Making gin of pseudomemories of
up for lost time: A community responds to satanic cults, satanic abuse. Canadian families must bring this informa
child sexual assault and Masonic ritual torture." The confer~ tion to the attention of politicians who finance these work
ence was organized by 'local ritual abuse survivors' group shops. The public needs to be educated, but in a very differM
called "Stone Angels." The first part, in November, did not ent way than the Ontario government has funded so far.
draw much attention. The second part, held in January, was
exposed by Donna Laframboise in the Toronto Star in two·
"There may be ritual abuse in Utah, but probers
articles. In late February and in early March, "An educa
can't prove it"
tional two-day workshop by Gayle Woodsum on ritual and
cult~related abuse" was held first in Ottawa and a week later Salt Lake Tribune, April 26, I 995
in Bellville. AIJ of these conferences and workshops were
After two years of looking at the cost of $250,000, the
funded by various Ontario government agencies, such as
state released the findings of its satanic abuse probe in a 59
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Community and Social Ser
page report. ''I'm not sure we disproved it is taking
vices, Women's Directorate, and Ministry of Northern
place-I'm sure we didn't," top Deputy Atty. Gen. Reed
Development and Mines.
Richards said. The best investigators could do was "support
The Thunder Bay conference, understandably, drew
the thought" that individuals are committing satanic crimes.
attention of the local Masonic lodge. We were informed that
"The problem Utah inves~
the local police at the request ~---------------------, tigators encountered-as have
of the Masons are now examin
from a flyer of the National Center for Missing Persons counterparts nationwide-is
ing the materials from this con
that the allegations come from
ference as "hate literature." MISSING PERSON
'recovered memories' of peo
Complaints about the Robin Marie Mewes (pronounced Mavas) ple suffering from a mental ill
Thunder Bay (Stone Angels)
Age: 23; Height: 5'4"; Weight: 110 lbs; Hair: ness diagnosed as multiple
conference were sent to the
Light Brown; Eyes: Brown ; Missing From: Terre personality disorder. Often the
funding agencies and to the
Haude, IN; Missing Since: Sept 15, 1990 memories are revealed during
premier of Ontario, Bob Rae, a
therapy, many years after the
former Rhodes scholar. Pre~ Robin was last seen leaving Rax' s Restaurant in alleged crimes. This makes it
mier Rae stated, " ... The Stone Terre Haute, Indiana with three men and a woman.
virtually impossible to deter
Angels is (sic) well-respected Robin would not make eye contact with or speak to
mine their validity.
in Thunder Bay area ... This her friends. Robin may be in the company of her
funding will promote healing mental health counselor Deborah Jean Rudolph, SS#
and support for survivors of 347-68-4300 who was with her at the restaurant. Ms
RECOMMENDED READING
ritual abuse ... Our government Rudolph vanished 4 months after Robin. Robin, a vic
is concerned about the preven tim of FMS, was known to be emotionally and men "One Face of the Devil: The
tion of all forms of violence tally unstable at the time she vanished. She had come Satanic Ritual Abuse Moral
against women and supports to believe that she was a victim of intergenerational Crusade and the Law"
activities which promote public satanic cult abuse. Mary deY oung, Ph.D.
education. This grant is one Behavioral Sciences and the
Contact: National Center for Missing Persons
step in achieving this objec Law,
800-851-FIND
tive ... " Vol 12, 389-407 (1994).
Flvl:s
May 1995 Foundation Newsletter
page7
Patients Caught in the Middle
used by them to get at Dr. Q. I feel resentful at a system
DearFMSF, w~ich paternalistically ~ats itself on the back for doing
When I purchased Victims of Memory by Mark Pender thmgs for ~e good o~ pat1e~ts, and yet does something this
grast a few weeks ago, I read in it the name of my doctor h~rtful and mappropnate. D1d any of the doctors reviewing
Dr. Q. I had purchased the book because of the numerou~ th1s book constder the effect on the patients of the doctors
attacked?
favomble reviews in it from psychologists and doctors. Dr.
Q was portrayed as Confused Patient
someone who would
TABLE 2
make me sicker than I
Treatment Histories: 26 Cases
am, create MPD in me Dear Confused
which would not other # MIF Age Total Yrs Visits/ Hosps. Current Patient,
wise exist, and keep Alters Px Wk #/Mos. Alters You are not alone
me dependent and in 1. F 37 >100 5 1-2 0/0 1 in your feelings and
therapy. In short, he 2. F 39 238 3. 2 112 238 confusion about the
a
was portrayed as an F 55 33 3.5 1-2 0/0 1 mental health system.
incompetent clinician, 4. F 34 27 4. 1-3 3!7 ? We have spoken to
a quack. 5. M 37 26 4 1 0/0 1 several people about
I have a twenty 6. F 27 3B 5 1 0/0 5 your problem. They
year history of inap 7. F 45 BB 5 1 4/4 1 say that it is important
propriate therapy. My to separate what hap
B. F 32 >150 4 1 0/0 1
mostly male therapists pens in a private ther
9. F 39 >280 7 .. 1-2 7/18 >280
were often demeaning apy session from criti
towards women, some 10. F 51 409 7 1 dbl 010 <10% cal published material.
telling me, uninvited, 11. F 33 36 4**'* 1 1/1 36 As an example of
about their sexual 12. F 39 56 3B 1 3/5 3 the confusion, con
prowess. None took 13. F 37 42 5 1 211.5 1 sider the chart on this
seriously my all-too 14. F 42 86 5 1 0/0 1 page that lists the
real and completely 15. F 27 >100 3 1 0/0 <10% number of MPD aJters
remembered traumas. 16. F 34 37 4 1-2 2fl 2 of patients of Richard
It was after this damag 17. F 26 36 4 1-2 1/1 1 Kluft, MD. Some, like
ing therapy history that 18. F 35 38 4 1-2 0/0 1 Pendergrast, express
I went to Dr. Q for an skepticism about
19. F 42 >1600 3.5 1-2 0/0 3
evaluation. I was claims that a patient
20. F 48 >150 5.5 2 3.14 1?
impressed with his has 4,500 alters or
kindness, empathy and 21. F 39 685 B 1-2 7/24 7 4,000 alters. Some ask
ethical behavior. He 22. M 62 36 7 1 0/0 1 for evidence of the
answered my questions 23. F 39 82 8 2 12130 1 existence of intergen
about trauma sensi 24. F 46 >4000 3 4 2137 <5% erational satanic cults
tively and directly. He 25. F 40 143 7 1-2 4/12 1 before giving lectures
was completely appro 26. F 37 2:_4500 7 4 3/52 1 on treating it as Dr.
priate and professional. Kluft has for Caval
After reading his cade video. Others
• Interrupted treatment against advice
name attacked in the •• Just returned after 3 year break of therapy find both claims
book in question, I was ••• Transferred to another therapist for logistic reasons acceptable. The Amer
so distressed that I was page 52 DISSOCIATION, Vo il, No. 4 December 1988 ican Psychiatric Asso
in the bathroom weep 'The phenomenology and treatment of extremely complex multiple personality disor- ciation does and has
ing. For the next month der" by Richard P. Kluft, M.D. frequently invited Dr.
I had recurring crying (Dissociation Vol 2 (1) March 1989 Editor-in-chief: Richard P. Kluft, M.D.; Assoc. Kluft to present semi
spells and a few related Ed: Benneu G. Braun, M.D.; Assis Ed: Catherine G. Pine, Ph.D.; Assis Ed: David L. nars on treatment of
nightmares. It was Fink. M. D.; Editorial Board-Gai\ Atlas, A.C.S.W.; Edith Baum, M.C.A.T.; Philip M. MPD (renamed DID).
worse than the moles Coons, M.D.; Harold R.Crasiineck, Ph.D.; Jean Goodwin, M.D., M.P.H.; George B. He will be speaking at
tation I experienced as Greaves, Ph.D.; Linda Jacobs, R.N., B.S.N.; Richard J. Loewenstein, M.D.; Stephen S. an APA sponsored
a child. I was not able Manner, M.D.; Layton McCurdy, M.D.; Thunnan Mott, Jr., M.O.; John C. Nemiah, continuing education
to cope with the feel M.D.; Frank W. Putnam, M.D.; Roberta G. Sachs, Ph.D.; Shirley Sanders, Ph.D.; program in Septem
ings and confusion David Spiegel, M.D.; Moshe Torem, M.D.; Onno van der Hart, Ph.D.; Besse\1 A. van ber, for example.
triggered by seeing Dr. der Kolk, M.D.; John G. Watkins, Ph.D.; Comelia B. Wilbur, M.D.) It is a tragedy of
Q verbally attacked. I _ the FMS phenomenon
feel terribly unsafe in therapy with anyone. !hat p~ttents may be caught in the middle and that is why it
. I feel angry and resentful. I was put in the position of IS so tmportant for professionals to resolve this problem
quickly.
tryt~g to protect Dr. Q. I feel the doctors who favorably
revtewed the book bamboozled me into buying it. I feel FMSF Newsletter Editor
FMs
May 1995 Foundation Newsletter page 8
LEGAL CORNER years, it never goes away. Once you're labeled with a charge like
FMSF Staff the one I was labeled with, it stays with you."
Those arrested then sued the Sheriffs Department and others
Retrial for memories
alleging false imprisonment, civil-rights violations, defamation and
San Diego Union Tribune, April 5, 1995
negligent infliction of emotional distress. They said the sheriff's
Rob Egelko
deputies entered their homes without proper search warrants and
U.S. District Judge D. Lowell Jensen has ordered a new trial arrested them on unsubstantiated evidence. In 1990, the Plaintiffs
for George Franklin who was convicted in 1990 of the murder of a had won $3.7 million in damages but county attorneys appealed
year old Susan Nason in 1969 on the basis of his daughter Eileen and a jury trial was ordered. After trial, the jury awarded nearly
Franklin-Lipsker's recollection. This case was the first time that double that amount in damages.
someone had been convicted of murder based solely on a recov
ered memory.
Jury reJects sex charge against Capuchlns
Judge Jensen found that Superior Court Judge Thomas
The Detroit News, March 29, 1995
McGinn Smith had erred in instructing jurors that Franklin's silence
Allan Lengel
during a jail visit with his daughter when she asked him to tell the
truth could be viewed as a possible admission of guilt. Jensen also A federal court jury in Detroit turned down a $2 million lawsuit
ruled that defense attorneys should have been allowed to show brought by Paul lsely, 34 against several priests who taught him in
jurors 1969 newspaper articles that included crime-scene details high school in Wisconsin or classes for would-be Roman Catholic
of the murder to challenge prosecution claims that Franklin-Lipsker priests in Detroit from 1974 to 1979. In a pretrial deposition, two of
had provided eyewitness information. the priests admitted abusing several children but not lsely.
In 1990, therapists and psychologists had confined their stud Attorneys said some jurors thought that lsely may have been
ies to subjects of recollections of known events. The defense attor abused but all jurors agreed that he had not repressed the memo
neys did not argue that repressed memories do not exist. The ries for up to 20 years. Under the statute of limitations, lsely had
prosecution expert, Dr. Lenore Terr, testified that Franklin-Lipsker two years after the abuse to file a civil claim. lsely said the trauma
showed signs of someone who had buried a traumatic event. caused him to lose the memory until he had flashbacks in 1992.
Terr's theories have since come under heavy criticism. The defense said that he invented the amnesia claim to circum
Dennis Riordan, Franklin's appellate attorney, commented vent the statute of limitations. lsely v Capucbin Province, 1995
that if Franklin is retried, a conviction will be unlikely because of U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3064 (U.S. Oist. Ct. Mich., 1995)
the errors cited by Jensen and because of an increasing public
skepticism about repressed memory.
Recovered memory abuse case dropped
The state could appeal the ruling to the 9th U.S. Circuit Court Record Courier, Nevada, March 16,1995
of Appeals. Matt Ross, a spokesman for state Attorney General
Sheila Gardner
Dan Lungren, declined comment.
On March 10, 1995 District Court Judge Norm Robison dis
After the Franklin conviction, there was a rash of civil filings
missed criminal charges against Edward Gerald Dorsey, 56.
by plaintiffs claiming they suddenly remembered being abused as
Nearly two years ago, Dorsey's 35-year old daughter said her
children. In California, the statute of limitations on criminal prose
father raped her in 1991. She claimed the alleged assault was a
cutions and lawsuits was extended to the time the abuse was
culmination of a lifetime of sexual abuse, satanic rites and ritual
recalled.
murder which began when she was a small child. She claims that
she didn't remember any of these things until she began therapy in
(For more infonnation about the Franklin trial in 1990, we rec
1993 and the memories flooded back. In a motion for dismissal,
ommend: Once Upon a Time by Harry Maclean, a Denver attor·
the chief criminal deputy district attorney Kris Brown wrote that
ney.)
because of the court's previous rulings on the admissibility of
repressed memories and anticipated testimony of defense experts,
Jury Awards $7.5 Million to 4 Charged with Abuse
the state would not be able to prove the charges beyond a reason
Los Angeles Times, April16, 1995
able doubt.
A Norwalk, CA, Superior Court jury awarded $7.3 million in In her motion Brown said, "The court entered an order which
general damages to four people who had been arrested 11 years stated evidence of memories retrieved through hypnosis and
ago on charges of sexual molestation of neighborhood children. expert testimony regarding the retrieval of repressed memories
The jury ·Is scheduled to consider whether to award additional through hypnosis will not be admitted. The order further states that
punitive damages to the four. family members of the victim could not testify to the incidents of ril·
The original molest charges were later dismissed in 1985 ual abuse. Corroboration for the victim's testimony concerning the
after several children said they had made up the molest accusa· ritual abuse and thus, the charged crime, came in most part from
tions. The arrests had come at the time of the highly emotional the testimony of the two sisters.ft·
McMartin case. The case inflamed the neighborhood and at least Since the testimony was ruled inadmissable, according to
one resident threatened to attack the defendants. "There was no Brown, the claims were supported only by the victim. Investigators
evidence," said the attorney for one of the plaintiffs, ~but people involved in the case were not able to uncover any admissible evi·
were up in arms in the city and demanded that somebody be dance.
arrested.~ Those arrested then sued the Sheriffs Department and "Because of the anticipated length of the trial and expenses
others alleging false imprisonment, civil-rights violations, defama for both the state and defense, the interest of justice would best be
tion and negligent infliction of emotional distress. After so many served by a dismissal at this time,ft Brown wrote.
May 1995 FMs Foundation Newsletter page 9
Utah Supreme Court
tosses out lawsuit recalling teen rape
Salt Lake Tribune, April19, 1995 Jury trusts childhood memory,
Sheila McCann convicts father of murder
Hertford Courant, April21, 1995 (AP)
Mechelle Roark, now 35, did not claim she had repressed the
memory of a rape by a former neighbor when she was a teenager. Jurors in Phoenix convicted Eugene Keidel of the murder of
She filed a lawsuit in 1993 relying on a law passed by the 1992 his wife in 1966, some 29 years ago. Keidel's daughter, who was 5
Legislature. The law extended the statutes of limitations in child ye!!rs old at the time, came forward two years ago and said she
sexual-abuse cases. Third District Judge David Young dismissed couldn't live with the memory any longer. She did not claim to
her lawsuit, ruling the law was not retroactive and did not apply to have suppressed knowledge of the evenls.
abuse dating back to the 1970s. The Utah Supreme court unani KJurors who convicted Keidel of murder this week said they
mously agreed with that decision. were convinced by the riveting story that a tear1ul Lori Romaneck
'We are unable to find any support for Roark's position,K Jus recounted without the aid of hypnosis or p.sychoanalysis.•
tice Leonard Russon wrote. "To the contrary, there is ample sup "I don't think the general public finds 'repressed memories'
port for the position that the legislators were aware of the prob· credible; sa"1d Tom Hoopes a criminal defense lawyer and former
Jams with retroactive application and intended to avoid those prob· prosecutor in Boston.
lems by having this section apply prospectively.H
In Utah, a person has one year after age 18 to file an assaull
Therapist makes deal on false memories claims
claim and four years to file an emotional distress claim. Recogniz·
Phoenix GazeHe, April 26, 1995
ing that victims may not recall the abuse until years later, the 1992
Alfred Ells, director of Samaritan Counseling Services, has
Legislature changed state Jaw. If a viclim repressed memories, the
agreed to submit his state certification to a one year's probation
deadlines do not begin to run until the events are recalled, the new
under supervision of the Arizona Board of Behavioral Health
Jaw says. It applies to Utahns abused since 1992.
Examiners. Relatives of fine patients have complained that thera·
pists at Samaritan convinced their children that they had been
Bids fall to toll limits on filing in abuse cases
abused. (Samaritan Counseling is not associated with Samaritan
NY Law Journal, March 31,1995
hospilals.) The board will be asked to approve the agreement on
Oeborah Pines
May5.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the
Appellate Division, Second Department, of the New York State
Supreme Court, affirmed lower court rulings dismissing suits by AS WE GO TO THE PRINTER, WE HAVE RECEIVED NOTICE
women in unrelated cases who were seeking to extend the dead· THAT THE LITTLE RASCALS DAY CARE CONVICTIONS IN
lines on lawsuHs against alleged sexual abusers due to purported NORTH CAROLINA HAVE BEEN OVERTURNED.
repression of memories as time-barred.
The Second Circuit's March 29 ruling, overall y. Estate of Alice Miller changes her position
L.H.P. K!otz, 94--7407, rejected a woman's claims that the statute The Weekend Guardian, April29, 1995, Natasha Waiter
of limitations for her suit alleging abuse by her father in the 1940s
This is a remarkable article about A/ice Miller, Swiss psydlo-
was tolled due to duress. The New York Supreme Court, Second
analyst and author of the influential book, ~Drama of the Gifted
Department's unanimous March 27 ruling, Steo y. Cucuzza.
Child" (1979). She has had a seminal role in the philosophic
93·05336, rejected another woman's claims that insanity and
underpinnings of the recovered memory movement. Miller traced
duress tolled the deadline for her suit alleging abuse by her stepfa·
the roots not just of personal neurosis, but of all social ills, back to
!her between 1974and 1981.
childhood. Her theory provide a focus of resistance to the theory
In the first case, Ms. Overall, now 52 and living in California,
that genes cause violence and criminality.
claims her father abused her sexually, emotionally and physically
"In all her work to date, Miller has remained commiHed to the
between 1947 and 1949 when he had custody of her from age 4 to
usefulness of therapy. Her original project was a grandiose one,
7. She says the abuse was so severe that she repressed all mem·
revolutionary in its scope-to refonn the whole world by showing
ories of it for more than 40 years until therapy, starting in 1966,
every disturbed person, every criminal, that all their problems stem
helped her remember. She filed a lawsuit in 1992. Her father died
from the way their parents treated them, and that they must allow
the next year. Judge Cabranes found New York law permiHed toll·
themselves to feel their emotions before they can move on.n
ing her claim stemming from childhood abuse until two years after
In the last year, Miller has changed her posHion.
her 21st birthday in 1965 but not beyond that, holding that she had
"I would say, if you go into therapy, from the beginning, don't
not proved the elements of duress.
go as a child, but as an adult .• "lf someone doesn't want to know
In the second case, the plaintiff, Susan Steo, now in her 30s,
about his past, perhaps it is beHer for him not to know it. We can't
contended that the Statute of Limitations was tolled for a number
force the truth on everyone.n"Maybe it is not so important to look
ot years due to the trauma of the abuse which caused her to
back in order to find a way to organize one's life in the present. If a
repress the memories of the abuse and which caused her to suffer
good therapist helps us to organize a healthy life, the childhood
from a variety of psychological and emotional disorders. She
trauma wouldn't be triggered."
claimed tt\at she had physical, emotional and psychological inju·
Miller is concerned that her arguments have been twisted by
ries inflicted upon her by her stepfather from 1974 to 1981 when
cults and quacks who don'l want to let the children grow up.
she moved out of the house. The Supreme Court rejected her con·
tentions, found that the applicable limitations periods had expired.
FMs
May 1995 Foundation Newsletter page 10
THE SEARCH FOR "SPECIAL MECHANISMS" Table 1. .
IN MEMORY: FLASHBULBS, FLASHBACKS, Commonly Accepted "Folk Beliefs"
AND OTHER NOT. SO-BRIGHT IDEAS regarding Flashbulb Memory and
Repressed Memory.
Charles A. Weaver, ffi
Associate Professor of Psychology, FLASHBULB EVENT REPRESSED EVENT
Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798 Perfectly: Perfectly:
• Acc1,1rate • Accurate
Few concepts in the study of memory have generated
• Accessible • Inaccessible, {initially)
as much interest as "flashbulb memory" and "repressed and
• Retrievable • Retrievable (ultimately)
recovered memory." Even people with little formal training
• Complete • Complete
are familiar with the concept of flashbulb memory: "Where
• Detailed • Detailed
were you when you received word that John Kennedy had
• Unchanging • Unchanging
been assassinated?" "What were you doing when you
• Higher confidence • Higher confidence
learned that the space shuttle Challenger had exploded?"
means means
Almost everyone who is old enough to remember the events
greater accuracy greater accuracy
can vividly recall who they were with, what they were
doing when they heard the news.
For several years following publication of the original
Though less common in everyday experience, most
article, memory researchers commonly assumed that flash
people also have an intuitive understanding of the phenom
bulb memories did, in fact, have the properties generally
ena of repressed and recovered memory: some event,
attributed to them. After all, it is almost impossible to verify
almost certainly some tragic event, is so overwhelming that
these reported memories; furthermore, the memories are
rather than remembering the event in detail, the event is
genera1ly reported with extreme confidence. However,
"blocked out" of consciousness. However, at some later
memory researchers began to look critically at the claims
point, something "triggers" the retrieval of the repressed
surrounding flashbulb memory.
memory, and it comes back perfectly detailed, vivid, and
Michael McCloskey and his colleagues made one of
accurate.
the most thorough attempts at verifying the claims sur
On the surface, these two types of events -- events
rounding flashbulb memory3, Specifically, McCloskey and
which lead to flashbulb memories and those which lead to
his colleagues identified the four most remarkable proper
repressed memories-seem to have little in common. After
ties attributed to flashbulb memory, what they called the
all, one leads to perfect memory (or so it is generally
"strong claims." These strong claims are that the memories
assumed) while the other leads to conscious blocking,
are perfectly detailed, perfectly vivid, perfectly resistant to
though later perfect retrieval, of a memory (again, as gener
forgetting, and perfectly accurate. These properties imply a
ally assumed). However, upon closer examination, the two
"photographic-like" quality to these memories, which
types of events share a great deal in common (first noted by
would set them apart from all other memories. Indeed,
E. Loftus and L. Kaufman 1). In this paper,l will discuss the
McCioskey and his colleagues were willing to concede that
similarities between the types of memory, briefly review the
if these "strong claims" were supported, then flashbulb
outcome of nearly two decades of intense scientific investi
memories would be sufficiently unlike all other memories.
gation into flashbulb memories, and draw some parallels
The production of perfect flashbulb memories require the
between what we now know about flashbulb memories, and
need for a "special memory mechanism." No other memo
what is likely correct about repressed memories. The results
may come as quite a surprise. ries have the properties generally attributed to flashbulb
memories.
Flashbulb Memory When these strong claims were tested, though, it was
The term "flashbulb memory" was first coined by clear that flashbulb memories did D.Q! have any special
Brown and Kulik in 19772. Brown and Kulik investigated properties. The memories were better than most other mem
memory for the Kennedy assassination, an event which is ories, but they were not perfectly detailed, perfectly accu
still considered the prototype flashbulb event. What kind of rate, perfectly vivid, not immune from forgetting. They
events lead to the formation of flashbulb memories? The were good-but normal-memories for important events.
properties typically associated with flashbulb memories are Most importantly, they concluded that no special mecha
listed on the left side of Table 1. (The properties typically nism was needed to produce these memories.
associated with repressed and recovered memories are listed Later research conducted in my laboratory 4 has con
on the right side, and will be discussed later.) firmed these findings, but added one other component to
our understanding of flashbulb memory. My research has
shown that while memory for extraordinary events is not
1. Loftus, E.F. & Kaufman, L. (1992). Why do traumatic events
sometimes produce good memory (flashbulbs) and some 3. McCioskey, M., Wible, C.G., & Cohen, N.J. (1988). Js there
times no memory (repression)? In E. Winograd & V. Neisser a special flashbulb-memory mechanism? Journal of Experi
(Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of"flashbulb" mental PsYchology: Genera), ill, 171-181.
memories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4. Weaver, C.A., Ill. (1993). Do you need a "flash" to fonn a
2. Brown, R. & Kulik, J. (1977). Flashbulb memories.~ flashbulb memory? Journal of Exoerim,ental P~cbolog,y:
lilln.l. 73-99. General, .122.. 39-46.