Fair Weather: Effective Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services PDF
Preview Fair Weather: Effective Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services
F AIR WEATHER Effective Partnership in Weather and Climate Services Committee on Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services Committee on Geophysical and Environmental Data Board on Earth Sciences and Resources Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS • 500 Fifth Street, N.W. • Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Task Order No. 56-DGNA-1-00002, Award No. 50- DGNA-1-90024, between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Weather Service. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-08746-5 (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309-50616-6 (PDF) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2003102143 Additional copies of this report are available from: The National Academies Press 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Lockbox 285 Washington, DC 20055 (800) 624-6242 (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu Cover: A perfect day of sailing. Photograph of the sailboat in the foreground by W. Robert Moore. Composite illustration and design by Van Nguyen, the National Academies Press. Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Acad- emy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engi- neers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer- ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Coun- cil is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org COMMITTEE ON PARTNERSHIPS IN WEATHER AND CLIMATE SERVICES JOHN A. ARMSTRONG, Chair, IBM Corporation (retired), Amherst, Massachusetts RICHARD A. ANTHES, Vice-Chair, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado WILLIAM Y. ARMS, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York WILLIAM E. EASTERLING III, Pennsylvania State University, University Park RICHARD S. GREENFIELD, American Meteorological Society, Washington, D.C. WILLIAM W. HOOVER, Consultant, Williamsburg, Virginia JESSICA LITMAN, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan GORDON MCBEAN, University of Western Ontario, Canada RAVI V. NATHAN, Aquila, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri (through August 2002) MARIA A. PIRONE, Weather Services International Corporation, Billerica, Massachusetts ROY RADNER, New York University, New York ROBERT T. RYAN, WRC-TV, Washington, D.C. KAREN R. SOLLINS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Consultant ROGER A. PIELKE, JR., University of Colorado, Boulder National Research Council Staff ANNE M. LINN, Study Director CYNTHIA PATTERSON, Program Officer JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate SHANNON L. RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant iv COMMITTEE ON GEOPHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA J. BERNARD MINSTER, Chair, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla ROGER C. BALES, University of Arizona, Tucson MARY ANNE CARROLL, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor JEFF DOZIER, University of California, Santa Barbara DAVID M. GLOVER, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts MARK J. MCCABE, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta JOHN M. MELACK, University of California, Santa Barbara ROY RADNER, New York University, New York ROBERT J. SERAFIN, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado National Research Council Staff ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate SHANNON L. RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant v BOARD ON EARTH SCIENCES AND RESOURCES RAYMOND JEANLOZ, Chair, University of California, Berkeley JILL BANFIELD, University of California, Berkeley STEVEN R. BOHLEN, Joint Oceanographic Institution, Washington, D.C. VICKI J. COWART, Colorado Geological Survey, Denver DAVID L. DILCHER, University of Florida, Gainesville ADAM M. DZIEWONSKI, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts WILLIAM L. GRAF, University of South Carolina, Columbia RHEA GRAHAM, New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, Albuquerque GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, University of Virginia, Charlottesville DIANNE R. NIELSON, Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Salt Lake City MARK SCHAFER, NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia BILLIE L. TURNER II, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts THOMAS J. WILBANKS, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee National Research Council Staff ANTHONY R. DE SOUZA, Director TAMARA L. DICKINSON, Senior Program Officer DAVID A. FEARY, Senior Program Officer ANNE M. LINN, Senior Program Officer PAUL M. CUTLER, Program Officer KRISTEN L. KRAPF, Program Officer KERI H. MOORE, Program Officer LISA M. VANDEMARK, Program Officer YVONNE P. FORSBERGH, Research Assistant MONICA R. LIPSCOMB, Research Assistant EILEEN MCTAGUE, Research Assistant VERNA J. BOWEN, Administrative Associate JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Associate RADHIKA S. CHARI, Senior Project Assistant KAREN L. IMHOF, Senior Project Assistant SHANNON L. RUDDY, Senior Project Assistant TERESIA K. WILMORE, Project Assistant vi BOARD ON ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES AND CLIMATE ERIC J. BARRON, Chair, Pennsylvania State University, University Park RAYMOND J. BAN, The Weather Channel Inc., Atlanta, Georgia ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts ROSINA M. BIERBAUM, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor HOWARD B. BLUESTEIN, University of Oklahoma, Norman RAFAEL L. BRAS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge STEVEN F. CLIFFORD, University of Colorado, Boulder CASSANDRA G. FESEN, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire GEORGE L. FREDERICK, Vaisala, Inc., Boulder, Colorado JUDITH L. LEAN, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. MARGARET A. LEMONE, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado MARIO J. MOLINA, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MICHAEL J. PRATHER, University of California, Irvine WILLIAM J. RANDEL, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado RICHARD D. ROSEN, Atmospheric & Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts THOMAS F. TASCIONE, Sterling Software, Inc., Bellevue, Nebraska JOHN C. WYNGAARD, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Ex Officio Members EUGENE M. RASMUSSON, University of Maryland, College Park ERIC F. WOOD, Princeton University, New Jersey National Research Council Staff CHRIS ELFRING, Director ELBERT W. (JOE) FRIDAY, JR., Senior Scholar LAURIE S. GELLER, Senior Program Officer PETER A. SCHULTZ, Senior Program Officer DIANE GUSTAFSON, Administrative Associate ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer ELIZABETH A. GALINIS, Project Assistant ROB GREENWAY, Project Assistant vii COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD DAVID D. CLARK, Chair, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge ERIC BENHAMOU, 3Com Corporation, Santa Clara, California DAVID E. BORTH, Motorola, Inc., Schaumburg, Illinois JOHN M. CIOFFI, Stanford University, California ELAINE COHEN, University of Utah, Salt Lake City BRUCE CROFT, University of Massachusetts, Amherst THOMAS E. DARCIE, AT&T Labs Research, Red Bank, New Jersey JOSEPH V. FARRELL, University of California, Berkeley JOAN FEIGENBAUM, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut HECTOR GARCIA-MOLINA, Stanford University, California WENDY A. KELLOGG, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York BUTLER W. LAMPSON, CSTB member emeritus, Microsoft Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts DAVID E. LIDDLE, U.S. Venture Partners, Menlo Park, California TOM M. MITCHELL, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania DAVID A. PATTERSON, University of California, Berkeley HENRY (HANK) PERRITT, Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois DANIEL J. PIKE, Classic Communications, Tyler, Texas ERIC SCHMIDT, Google, Inc., Mountain View, California FRED B. SCHNEIDER, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York BURTON J. SMITH, Cray, Inc., Seattle, Washington LEE S. SPROULL, New York University WILLIAM W. STEAD, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee JEANNETTE M. WING, Microsoft Research, on leave from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania National Research Council Staff MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Executive Director ERIC BASQUES, Program Officer KRISTEN BATCH, Research Associate JENNIFER M. BISHOP, Senior Project Assistant JANET BRISCOE, Administrative Officer D.C. DRAKE, Senior Project Assistant JON EISENBERG, Senior Program Officer RENEE HAWKINS, Financial Associate MARGARET HUYNH, Senior Project Assistant ALAN S. INOUYE, Senior Program Officer HERBERT S. LIN, Senior Scientist viii LYNETTE I. MILLETT, Program Officer DAVID PADGHAM, Research Associate CYNTHIA A. PATTERSON, Program Officer JANICE SABUDA, Senior Project Assistant ROBIN SCHOEN, Program Officer JERRY R. SHEEHAN, Senior Program Officer BRANDYE WILLIAMS, Office Assistant STEVEN WOO, Dissemination and Program Officer ix
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