2 Universitas Studiorum Melitensis Medicinae Chirugiaeque Facultate Facultate Alumni C. Savona‐Ventura Faculty of Medicine & Surgery University of Malta 3 Published by Museums and Library Committee, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta © C. Savona‐Ventura, 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted to any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the previous permission in writing of the publisher. First published 2011 4 1 Introduction In the early days of the occupation of the Islands by the French, General Napoleon Bonaparte abolished formal University teaching by a degree published 18th June 1798. Plans were made to introduce the teaching of anatomy, medicine and midwifery in the hospital by the medical officers working there. These plans never materialised because of the civil strife that resulted from the uprising of the Maltese against their new masters. 1 On 6th November 1800, a few weeks after the French were forced to surrender, the Maltese Provisional Government under the direction of Sir Alexander Ball re‐instituted the University and thus set the stage to re‐establish the Collegium Medicum along with the other Faculties of Theology and Jurisprudence. The appointed members of this Collegium Medicum included the Protomedicus Aloysius Caruana, Francesco Dimech, Joannes Agius, Francesco Leo Gravagna, Stephanus Grillet, Josephus Ciaja, Laurentius Cassar, …….. Dingli, …….. Pullicino, and Aurelius Badat. 2 Medical studies were based on the regulations defined previously by the 1771 statutes. 3 Appointees were made in the same month to 1 W. Hardman: A history of Malta during the period of the French and British occupations 1798‐1815. Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1909, p.86‐87 2 Acta Academiae Melitensis Volume 1 (1800‐1809), fol.18 [1802] 3 J. Cassar Pullicino: The re‐opening of the University in 1800. Journal of the Faculty of Arts, 1958, i:p.144. 5 the Chair of Medicine, Physiology and Pathology [Dr. Ludovico Abela: appointed 1800‐1815], and the Chair of Anatomy and Surgery [Dr. Aurelio Badat: appointed 1800‐1813]. Teaching commenced in the Civil Hospital at Valletta that same year. In March 1802, Dr Francesco Butigiec was appointed Teacher of Obstetrics at the Women's Hospital at Valletta. 4 The first group of Licentiate graduates of the Collegium Medicum underwent a private and a public examination after four years of training qualifying in 1804. 5 The first group of graduates included Aloysius Gravagna and Alexander Vella. The next physician who qualified from the Faculty was Joannes Franciscus Falzon from Mosta who had been previously in 1795 been granted a licence to exercise the profession by the Protomedicus. The degree of medicine was awarded him without undertaking the stipulated examinations. 6 Medical studies underwent a tremulous course in the first three decades of the nineteenth century. Formal tuition at the Civil Hospital has apparently deteriorated by the second decade of the century partly as a result of the ill‐ health and old age of its tutors. During the first two decades of the nineteenth century, only a licentiate was granted to successful candidates after four years of study. The University authorities initially conducted the examination of the students, granting its licentiate diploma that required registration with the 4 T. Zammit: L'Universita` di Malta, Sua origine e sviluppo. Malta, 1913; P. Cassar, Teaching of midwifery in Malta at the beginning of the nineteenth century. St. Luke's Hospital Gazette, 1973, 8(2):p.91‐111 5 A. Mifsud: Appunti sugli archivi di Malta. Archivum Melitense, 1912‐13, ii:p.54 6 Protomedicus to enable the individual to practise the profession. 7 By 1821, the course of studies was established to last four years resulting in a Licentiate diploma. The students were examined by their assessors in a private examination conducted in Italian, a public examination in Latin, and the submission of a thesis in Latin. The Maltese medical profession was described as possessing considerable professional talents at levels comparable to the other continental nations. 8 The Medical Doctorate diploma, envisaged by the 1771 statutes, was re‐introduced in 1822. This was granted after a further year of studies following the licentiate examinations. In 1825, the conduct of the final examinations was again transferred to university control. In spite of the attempts to upgrade the standards of medical education, the University was by 1832 noted by a Maltese liberal politician to have become generally "deficient in professors.....and neglected to such a degree as to render instruction incomplete". 9 The overall adverse state of affairs in university management led to the institution to be a subject of the investigations by John Austin and George Cornewall Lewis who in 1836 received a Royal Commission to investigate into every aspect of Maltese affairs and to make recommendations aimed at removing discontent from the island. Completing its report in 1838, the Commission proposed that the Faculty of Medicine and 6 Acta Academia Melitensis 1800‐1832, fol.18‐52. 7 A. Mifsud, 1912‐13: op. cit., p.56; Notificazione. Gazzetta del Governo di Malta, 29 June 1814, 36:p.143 8 J. Hennen: Sketches of the Medical Topography of the Mediterranean. London, 1830, p.544‐545 9 G. Mitrovich: The Cause of the People of Malta. London, 1836, p.41 7 Surgery should appoint five professors to teach anatomy and surgery, medicine, obstetrics, chemistry and botany. Physiology, hygiene, natural history and forensic medicine were to be taught as minor subjects. 10 The academic course of medical studies was to last four years, prior to which the students were required to possess the Diploma of Master of Philosophy and Arts or its equivalent confirming proficiency in Latin, Italian, English literature, logic, mathematics and physics. the licentiate diploma was abolished following the reforms proposed by the 1836 Royal Commission of Inquiry.11 The 1838 Statute brought the medical faculty into line with medical schools in England. On the 14th August 1839, the University of London Senate resolved that trainees from the Malta medical school were suitable candidates to sit the examinations for the medical degree of the University of London12. In 1898‐99 permission was granted to medical graduates from Malta to sit for the final examination of the Conjoint Board of the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons [qualifying: M.R.C.P. L.R.C.S.], and for the diploma of the Society of Apothecaries of London [qualifying M.M.S.A.]. In 1901 the Medical Degree of the Malta University obtained official recognition throughout the British Empire and entitled graduates to be registered in 10 Royal Commission 1836: An Inquiry into the State of Affairs on the Island of Malta. H.M.S.O., London, 1839, Part II:p.37‐44 11 T. Zammit: The Medical School of Malta. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1920, 12:p.133‐142; A. Mifsud, 1912‐13: op. cit. 12 Papers relating to University of London, Ordered by the House of Commos to be printed, 5th August 1840, p.114 8 England as Colonial Practitioners13. Reciprocal recognition of qualifications were established with other British colonies throughout the British Empire in the 1950s [Australia: New South Wales 1954; Victoria 1955; Western Australia 1957; Pakistan: 1957]14. 13 Statute of the University and the Lyceum of Malta. Malta, 1907, Appendices 5 & 7; Calendar of the Royal University of Malta for the Academic year 1946‐47. Malta, 1946, p.208 14 Times of Malta. 9th August 1955 p.8; 27th September 1957 p.9; 4th October 1957 p.9 9 10
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