Factors related to marital adjustment of married college students at Iowa State University

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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and
Retrospective Theses and Dissertations
Dissertations
1969
Factors related to marital adjustment of married
college students at Iowa State University
Sharon June Price
Iowa State University
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Recommended Citation
Price, Sharon June, "Factors related to marital adjustment of married college students at Iowa State University " (1969).Retrospective
Theses and Dissertations. 4681.
https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/4681
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This dissertation has been
microfihned exactly as received 69-15,639
PRICE, Sharon June, 1938-
FACTORS RELATED TO MARITAL ADJUSTMENT
OF MARRIED COLLEGE STUDENTS AT IOWA
STATE UNIVERSITY.
Iowa State University, Ph.D., 1969
Sociology, family
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan
FACTORS RELATED TO MARITAL ADJUSTMENT
OF MARRIED COLLEGE STUDENTS AT IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
by
Sharon June Price
A Dissertation Submitted to the
Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Major Subject: Sociology
Approved :
Signature was redacted for privacy.
In Char^ of Major Work
Signature was redacted for privacy.
real? of Major Department
Signature was redacted for privacy.
an of Graduate College
Iowa State University
Ame s, Iowa
1969
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 9
METHODS AND PROCEDURES 150
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND FINDINGS 249
DISCUSSION 279
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 290
SUMMARY 293
BIBLIOGRAPHY 297
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 310
APPENDIX A 311
APPENDIX B 319
APPENDIX C 364
1
INTRODUCTION
The past three decades have witnessed a number of major changes in the
traditional concept of the college student. A striking illustration of
these changes can be seen in the vast increase in the proportion of married
students on college and university campuses.
Two or three decades ago there was widespread skepticism, and cases of
outright opposition relative to the student's ability to successfully handle
education-plus-marriage and advisability of allowing students to attempt
id. Many administrators were convinced an appreciable proportion of married
students, particularly undergraduate students, would constitute a disrupting
influence. In some schools the skepticism evolved into discrimination;
married students were not permitted to participate in school-sponsored
athletic events, live in dormitories, fraternity or sorority houses, or to
hold offices in campus extracurricular organizations.
Today, much of this earlier resistance to campus marriages has dis­
appeared. Many present-day administrators not only hold the opinion that
married students have the ability to successfully handle education-plus-
marriage, but in many cases married students are viewed as contributing to
campus stability.
Today, over 6,000,000 students are enrolled in college. Approximately
25 percent of this number are married and living with their spouses. In­
cluded in this percentage is 6 percent of the female and 26 percent of the
male student population. This percentage does not include students who are
married but whose spouses are absent, such as in the military service. In
1963, of those students attending full time (12 or more hours during the
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average school week), 12 percent were married (15 percent of the males and
6 percent of the females). In the same year, of those students enrolled
part-time (taking fewer than 12 hour6 during the average school week), al­
most 55 percent were married including 59 percent of the male and 47 percent
of the female student population (12, p. 457).
Frequently, the assumption is made that campus marriage is merely
young marriage that happens to occur in a college milieu. It is further
assumed that college marriages could lead to expectations which may be
appropriate for marriage outside the college or university environment, but
are not appropriate for college marriages. These assumptions are question­
able in two ways: (1) It is true that many campus marriages are young mar­
riages. However, there is also wide variation in the age of married college
students; (2) There is also the possibility that college marriage is a dif­
ferent type of marriage than what is conceived as the traditional marriage,
as it entails factors relatively unknown to marriages outside this atmos­
phere. This presents a special need for research which will lead to the
development of insights into this particular population of married couples.
Several authors, including Petersen (149), Kirkendall (95), and Bowman
(12), state the major problem areas confronting married college students
include: (1) personal growth within tihe marriage relationship; (2) family
planning; (3) coping with stress factors found in combining marriage and
college life; and (4) overall marital adjustment.
Christensen and Philbrick (36) reported 50 to 75 percent of all chil­
dren born to college couples were unplanned, thus requiring adjustments in
marriage and often in schooling. Davis (49), as a result of studying 2,842
graduate students in 25 educational institutions, reported the proportion
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of fathers working full time was three times that of non-fathers. LeMasters
(109) reported a strong relationship between the presence of unplanned
children and maladjustment in marriage among urban couples. For some
married students the circumstances may warrant beginning their family.
However, if the phenomenon of the birth of unplanned children in college
marriages is frequent enough and stressful enough, it requires more detailed
study. Studies concerning the frequency of the unplanned child in college
marriages were conducted before the wide distribution and use of improved
contraceptives, such as the "pill" and the "coil" (lUD), Therefore, there
exists today the possibility of a lesser degree of unplanned pregnancies
among married college students and therefore the possibility of improvement
in the area of family planning.
However, the birth of the first child, planned or unplanned, has been
viewed as a crisis in the married lives of parents (109). Approximately
60 percent of all married students are parents. Therefore, the influence
of parenthood on marital adjustment among married college students warrants
further investigation.
Simultaneous financing of marriage and college is a major stress for
most married students. Landis (107) states finances is the most prevalent
problem in college marriages. Finances could confront the couple with a
need for prolonged dependency on parents, indebtedness, and a reversal of
the traditional male and female roles. These stress factors come at a time
when the couple is striving to gain independence and identify with role
patterns of husband and wife. Stress related to maintaining adequate finan­
cial support could facilitate adjustment or be a disruptive factor, depend­
ing on how it is handled. Whereas, twenty-five years ago parental subsidy
4
of a married college student was negligible, today there is growing attitude
of the appropriateness of parental support (150, 39). However, both parents
and students report conflict in their attitudes regarding this cultural
change (150), Research is needed that will indicate the manner and extent
to which the modification of these attitudes may be taking place.
There have been a number of studies concerned with campus marriages.
However, there are several reasons for continuing research in this area.
Many of these earlier studies failed to adequately control for relevant
variables which differentiated subgroups within the married student popula­
tion, i.e., graduate and undergraduate students, employed and nonemployed
wives, couples in which both spouses were students, and in which only one
spouse was a student. Also, these earlier studies vary greatly in their
sampling procedures.
A second major reason for continued research in this area is the fact
that past research dealing with married college students was conducted in
the latter 1940's and 1950's. The married student population of these two
decades was predominantly a veteran's group (World War II and Korean War),
older, and government financed. Today, the married college student popula­
tion is generally viewed as a younger group and dependent on parents,
spouses, loan funds, scholarships, and employment for financial support.
Therefore, much of the research findings reported in the 1940's and 1950's
are possibly not applicable to the married college student of today.
The third major reason for research dealing with the married college
student is that the majority of the former studies have been purely descrip­
tive in purpose and strongly demographic in nature. Past research offers
little insight into the problems of the marriage of this population. The
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studies which have dealt with factors affecting the marital adjustment of
married college students and/or spouses have not investigated the marital
adjustment of the individual spouses. Rather, the former studies which in­
vestigated marital adjustment primarily investigated factors related to the
combined degree of marital adjustment achieved by the couple. Thus, con­
sidering the vast number of married college students and the additional
stress of securing a college education while also adjusting in marriage, it
appears that factual information concerning marital adjustment of each
spouse in this particular population is much needed.
A very important factor in marriage is the satisfaction which the
spouses derive from their life together. Marital satisfaction takes on in­
creased importance when factors such as additional stress is added to the
marriage, or the controlling forces in society keeping marriages together
are weakened. Such a weakening in social control is manifested at the
present time in more permissive divorce laws and fewer negative sanctions
in everyday life concerning divorce. Under these conditions marital satis­
faction is even more important for the continuation of a marriage.
Marital satisfaction is assumed to be derived from marital adjustment
(sometimes referred to as success, satisfaction, happiness). The condi­
tions under which marital adjustment occurs have been studied in a number
of investigations. However, very little empirical research has been con­
ducted in this area with married college students.
Most of the investigations in the area of marital adjustment are so-
called prediction studies, i.e., they deal with the problem of how well
marital adjustment can be predicted from knowledge of various factors re­
lated to the marriage. These factors include those which occur before the
6
marriage takes place, at an earlier time in the marriage, or at the same
time the marital adjustment is observed. This study is also a prediction
study, dealing with marital adjustment and the variables believed related
to adjustment.
This study will examine factors which are related to marital adjust­
ment among married college students and/or spouses at Iowa State University.
More specifically, it will attempt to ascertain the relationship between
the characteristics and attitudes of married college students and/or spouses
at Iowa State University and the degree of marital adjustment which the
individual spouses have achieved. It is assumed there exists certain var­
iables in college marriages, in addition to variables which exist in any
marriage, which contribute to marital adjustment. This study seeks to
accomplish the following objectives:
1. To gain insight into the characteristics of the married col­
lege students and/or spouses at Iowa State University.
2. To determine the differential effect, if any, between selected
variables and the degree of marital adjustment achieved by the
individual spouses.
3. To determine the influence of the wife being a student and/or
employed on the degree of marital adjustment achieved by the
individual spouses.
The scope of this study will be confined to an examination of the
characteristics of the married college students and their spouses at Iowa
State University. These students were enrolled at Iowa State University
during the school year 1967-1968. In addition, they were enrolled during
the Summer Session, 1968, and/or were pre-registered for Fall Quarter, 1968.