factors influencing pottery industry in peninsular malaysia faeza ahmed ali al-dhamari cultural ...

336 Pages·2014·5.05 MB·English

FACTORS INFLUENCING POTTERY INDUSTRY IN
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

FAEZA AHMED ALI AL-DHAMARI

CULTURAL CENTRE
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
KUALA LUMPUR

2014
FACTORS INFLUENCING POTTERY INDUSTRY IN
PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

FAEZA AHMED ALI AL-DHAMARI

THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

CULTURAL CENTRE
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
KUALA LUMPUR

2014
UNIVERSITI MALAYA
ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION

Name of Candidate: FAEZA AHMED ALI AL-DHAMARI (I.C/Passport No:
05567399)
Registration/Matric No: RHA090004
Name of Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)
Title of Thesis (“this Work”): Factors Influencing Pottery Industry in Peninsular
Malaysia
Field of Study:

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ABSTRACT
This study has been conducted to investigate the impact of market status,
government’s initiatives, economic, social, ritual, and ecological factors, which fall into
socio-economic and socio-culture trends, on the artistic quality of pottery production
and the performance of potters. Thus, the present study aims to: (1) identify the
influence of potters’ characteristics such as gender, and marital status on selected types
and techniques used in the pottery production. (2) to determine the impact of selected
potters’ characteristics (i.e., age, ethnic/race, career affiliation, and the regional
differences) on different types and techniques used in the pottery production. (3)
Finally, to predict a set of factors which are presumed to have an impact on the pottery
production.
A quantitative method is employed to conduct this research by interviewing and
distrubting self-administrated questionnaires in order to collect the information and
data. Additionally, it is followed by “non-probability-judgmental” sampling as a
technique. The technique of selecting samples has been limited to seven states in the
Malay Peninsula. The two versions of questionnaires -English and Malay, were
distributed upon the targeted population. They were 500 responses obtained. The units
of samples were categorized as: (1) government sectors. (2) semi-government
manufacturers. (3) private companies and/or individual outlets. The data analysis was
conducted based on the following types of statistical tests, the T.Test, and one-way
ANOVA. Additionally, Partial Least Square (PLS) software has been chosen to predict
the extent of socio-economic and socio-culture impact of factors on certain types and
techniques of pottery.
The findings of the current study have indicated that, with respect to gender,
there is a significant difference in different groups of potters, who are involved in
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certain types of pottery. This variance can be observed significantly in only groups of
potters, who are using machines for certain techniques of pottery production. It is found
that marital status has an influence on various groups of potters, with respect to certain
techniques of pottery. In terms of ANOVA test, the results have shown that, there is a
variance in age, and race of potters’ groups in both types and techniques of pottery
production. However, the aspect of career affiliation in different groups of potters has
differed significantly in some selected types of pottery. In contrast, the techniques
selected by potters did not vary significantly with career affiliation. Concerning the
regional differences, it is found that, potters from different regions have produced
different types of pottery.There has been no significant difference with respect to certain
techniques of pottery production.
The results of Partial Least Squared have indicated that, the socio-economic
factors have highly influenced the types and techniques of pottery production. On the
other hand, the socio-culture factors that fall under social and ritual factors have
influenced equally all types, and techniques of pottery production.
Based on the findings, the proposed structural model can determine the influence
of various potters’ characteristics on the pottery production. Moreover, this model could
be used to identify market status, government’s initiative, economic, social, ritual, and
factors. Such factors could be also utilized as a guide for future studies in other realted
fileds.

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ABSTRAK
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menyelidik pengaruh sosial dan ekonomi terhadap
kualiti seni para pembuat barangan tembikar dan hasil seni buatan mereka. Oleh itu,
kajian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengenal pasti pengaruh faktor seperti jantina dan status
perkahwinan pembuat barangan tembikar terhadap jenis dan teknik yang digunakan
dalam pembuatan tembikar, (2) mengenal pasti kesan umur, bangsa, afiliasi kerjaya dan
perbezaan wilayah terhadap sumbangan pembuat tembikar dari segi jenis dan teknik
yang digunakan dalam pembuatan tembikar, dan seterusnya (3), untuk menentukan
faktor-faktor yang mungkin mempengaruhi proses pembuatan tembikar.
Kaedah pengumpulan data dijalankan dengan menggunakan borang kaji selidik
jenis sendiri urus (self-administered). Di samping itu, teknik pensampelan populasi juga
digunakan untuk menentukan pensampelan tak berkebarangkalian-"pensampelan
berdasarkan pemilihan". Teknik pemilihan sampel adalah terhad kepada tujuh negeri di
Semenanjung Malaysia. Borang kaji selidik yang telah diedarkan kepada populasi target
berjaya mendapat balasan daripada 500 responden; yang seterusnya dikategorikan
kepada (1) syarikat badan berkerajaan, (2) pengilang badan semi-kerajaan dan (3)
syarikat swasta dan / atau isi rumah. Data yang didapati dianalisis berdasarkan jenis-
jenis ujian statistik berikut: ujian-T, serta ANOVA menggunakan perisian SPSS. Di
samping itu, ‘kuasa dua terkecil separa’ (PLS) telah dipilih untuk melihat kesan sosio
ekonomi dan sosio budaya terhadap jenis dan teknik pembuatan tembikar.
Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan
dari aspek jantina dalam kumpulan pembuat barangan tembikar yang berlainan, yang
terbabit dalam suatu jenis pembuatan tembikar. Bagaimanapun, varians ini dapat dilihat
dengan lebih ketara terhadap kumpulan pembuat barangan tembikar yang menggunakan
peralatan mesin untuk teknik tertentu dalam penghasilan tembikar. Selain itu, taraf
perkahwinan juga didapati mempengaruhi pelbagai kumpulan pembuat barangan
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tembikar, terutamanya terhadap jenis teknik barangan tembikar. Malah, terdapat juga
beberapa perbezaan yang boleh dilihat dalam jenis barangan tembikar yang terpilih.
Hasil ujian ANOVA menunjukkan terdapatnya varians dari segi usia, bangsa kumpulan
pembuat tembikar, jenis barangan tembikar serta teknik pembuatan tembikar. Perbezaan
dari aspek afiliasi kerjaya dalam kumpulan pembuat tembikar yang berlainan pula
adalah ketara dalam sesetengah jenis barangan tembikar yang terpilih. Sebaliknya,
teknik-teknik yang dipilih oleh pembuat barangan tembikar adalah tidak banyak
bezanya jika dilihat dari aspek afiliasi kerjaya. Dari segi perbezaan wilayah pula,
pembuat tembikar dari wilayah yang berbeza didapati menghasilkan jenis barangan
tembikar yang berlainan. Bagaimanapun, tiada perbezaan ketara yang didapati dari segi
penggunaan teknik tertentu dalam penghasilan barangan tembikar.
Keputusan ‘ujian kuasa dua terkecil separa’ (PLS) menunjukkan bahawa status
pasaran memainkan pengaruh yang jauh lebih tinggi dalam menentukan jenis dan teknik
yang digunapakai dalam penghasilan barangan tembikar, berbanding faktor ekonomi
dan inisiatif kerajaan (faktor sosio-ekonomi). Sementara itu, faktor-faktor sosio-budaya
yang lain seperti sosial dan faktor-faktor ritual didapati meninggalkan kesan ke atas
jenis tembikar dan teknik yang digunakan dalam pembuatan tembikar, melainkan faktor
ekologi yang didapati gagal memberi sebarang kesan.
Berdasarkan hasil kajian ini, model struktur yang dicadangkan dapat
digunapakai secara amnya bagi menentukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelbagai
aspek dalam proses penghasilan barangan tembikar. Malah, model konseptual dari
kajian ini juga boleh digunakan untuk menentukan status pasaran semasa, inisiatif
kerajaan, faktor-faktor ekonomi, sosial, ritual dan ekologi, dalam usaha menggalakkan
industri pengahsilan barangan tembikar di Malaysia. Selain itu, model ini juga boleh
digunakan sebagai panduan untuk kajian dalam bidang-bidang selain dari pada
tembikar, di masa hadapan.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
All praises and thanks are due to Allah, the Almighty, for giving me the
strength, courage, and patience to complete this work.
I could hardly find words to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Dr.
Zainal Abd. Latiff and Dr. Sabzali Musa Kahn for providing me with valuable guidance,
advice, and inspiration to complete this research. I was very lucky to have been
supervised by them. I have learned useful knowledge from them academic expertise and
how to manage my time during my Ph.D program.
I would also like to convey my great thanks to Dr. Mohamed Al-baity, who is
my co-supervisor for his aid in the data analysis, and his unending effort and advice. I
also owe a great deal of thanks to my friends, especially, Noorhyati, and Nabilah sadeq
for their collaboration and unending advice and help in the entire process.
I am grateful to my sponsor, the Yemen Embassy, who had provided me with
financial support for my tuition fees.I would like to think the library staff of University
of Malaya for their cooperation in supplying resources needed for my research work.
A very special gratitude goes also to my beloved brother, Redwan Al-dhamari
for the continuous support, encouragement, and inspiration; they have made it easier for
me to overcome all the difficulties I encountered in my endeavor in Malaysia. Last, but
not least, this work could not have been completed without the love and support of my
family members –my mother and father-who have motivated me to achieve my aims
and to be steadfast in completing my journey.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ vii
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................. xii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. xvi
CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Background of Study .......................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 A Background about Malay Peninsula. .......................................................... 2
1.2.1 A Brief Background of the field-work sites……… ................................ 5
1.2.2 A Brief Background of Social Relationships .. ....................................... 9
1.3 A Background of the Factors That Influence Pottery ................................... 10
1.4 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 12
1.5 Research Objectives ...................................................................................... 13
1.6 Research Questions ....................................................................................... 13
1.7 Significance of the Study .............................................................................. 14
1.8 Scope of the Study ........................................................................................ 15
1.9 Outline of Thesis ........................................................................................... 16
1.10 Summary of Chapter ..................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER 2: A Review of Social and Ethnic Aspects of Pottery Production ... 22
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 22
2.2 Malaysian People’s Life-Style and Ethnographic Principles ....................... 23
2.3 General Development of Demographic Style of Life in Malay Peninsula ... 24
2.3.1 Economic Development in Malay Peninsula’s Life-Style .................... 26
2.3.2 Social Development in Malay Peninsula’s Life-Style .......................... 30
2.4 Ethnic Review of Genuine Potters in Peninsula Malaysia ........................... 31
2.5 A View of Multi-Disciblinary Approaches Used ......................................... 34
2.5.1 Studies of Ethno-Archaeological Approach in Pottery Production ....... 42
2.5.2 Studies of Experimental Approach in Pottery Production .................... 44
2.5.3 Studies of Elemental Approach in Pottery Production .......................... 46
2.6 Outlook of Recent Trends in Pottery Production in Malaysia ...................... 48
2.6.1 The Social Trend in the Malaysian Pottery Production......................... 50
2.6.2 The Environmental Trend in the Malaysian’ Pottery Production ......... 52
2.6.3 The Social and Ethnographical Trends of Local Pottery…................... 55
2.7 Factors Affecting Pottery Production Trends In Malay Peninsula ............... 58
2.7.1 Economic Status and Pottery Production .............................................. 62
2.7.2 Social Factor and Pottery Production .................................................... 63
2.7.3 Ritual Performance Factor and Pottery Production ............................... 66
2.7.4 Ecological Factor and Pottery Production ............................................. 68
2.7.5 Government’s Initiative and Pottery Production ................................... 70
2.7.6 Market Status and Pottery Production ................................................... 72
2.8 Summary of Chapter ..................................................................................... 76
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CHAPTER 3: Research Design and Methodology .................................................. 78
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 78
3.2 Research Approach ....................................................................................... 79
3.3 Quantitative Research Design and Strategy.................................................. 80
3.4 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 82
3.4.1 Jules David Prown ................................................................................. 84
3.4.2 Charles. F. Montgomery ........................................................................ 85
3.4.3 E. Mcclung Fleming .............................................................................. 85
3.5 Population ..................................................................................................... 86
3.5.1 Sampling Design ................................................................................... 88
3.5.2 Sampling Techniques ............................................................................ 89
3.6 Unit of Analysis ............................................................................................ 90
3.7 Development Section of Hypotheses ............................................................ 92
3.8 Conceptual Framework of Design ................................................................ 94
3.9 Measurement of Variables (Independent and Dependent) ........................... 96
3.9.1 Independent Variables (IV) ................................................................... 98
3.9.2 Definition Of Dependent Variable (DV) ............................................. 102
3.10 Questionnaire Design .................................................................................. 104
3.11 The Questionnaire of Study ........................................................................ 105
3.12 The Sequential Phases of Developing Questionnaires/Instruments ........... 106
3.12.1 STEP 1: Background ........................................................................... 108
3.12.2 STEP 2: Questionnaire Conceptualization .......................................... 108
3.12.3 STEP 3: Format and Data Analysis ..................................................... 108
3.12.4 STEP 4: Establishing Validity ............................................................. 109
3.12.5 STEP 6: Establishing Reliability ......................................................... 110
3.13 Instrument Translation Process ................................................................... 110
3.14 Data Collection Method .............................................................................. 111
3.15 Pilot Testing ................................................................................................ 113
3.16 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 114
3.17 Summary of Chapter ................................................................................... 115
CHAPTER 4: Results and Discussion .................................................................. 117
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 117
4.2 Data Screening and Cleaning ...................................................................... 118
4.3 Response Rate ............................................................................................. 119
4.4 Demographic Profiles of Respondents ....................................................... 121
4.4.1 The Distribution of Age in the Potters’ Profile ................................... 121
4.4.2 The Distribution of Gender in the Potters’ Profile .............................. 122
4.4.3 The Distribution of Race in the Potters’ Profile .................................. 123
4.4.4 The Distribution of the Marital Status in the Potters’ Profile ............. 125
4.4.5 The Distribution of Education in the Potters’ Profile .......................... 126
4.4.6 The Distribution of the Type of Work in the Potters’ Profile ............. 127
4.4.7 The Distribution of Company Belonging in the Potters’ Profile ......... 128
4.4.8 The Distribution of Potters According to Residency .......................... 129
4.4.9 The Distribution of Household Income in the Potters’ Profile............ 130
4.5 Normality Test: Normal Distribution of Variables ..................................... 132
4.6 Empirical Analysis ...................................................................................... 133
4.7 Research Question One ............................................................................... 134
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