Factors Affecting Liquidity of Selected Commercial Banks in Ethiopia Belete Fola A Thesis ...

131 Pages·2011·2.35 MB·English

Addis Ababa University
School of Earth and Planetary Science
Department Of Earth Sciences

Carbon dioxide-water-rock interaction and hydrogeochemical evolution
of thermal and cold ground waters in Wonchi Crater Lake and Ambo-
Woliso area.

By:
HASSEN SHUBE

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in
Hydrogeology

May, 2011
i
Addis Ababa University
School of Earth and planetary Science
Department Of Earth Sciences

Carbon dioxide-water-rock interaction and hydrogeochemical evolution
of thermal and cold ground waters in Wonchi Crater Lake and Ambo-
Woliso area.

By:
HASSEN SHUBE

Advisor: SEIFU KEBEDE (PhD)

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa
University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science in Hydrogeology

May, 2011
Addis Ababa

ii
Addis Ababa University
School Of Graduate Studies

Carbon dioxide-water-rock interaction and hydrogeochemical evolution
of thermal and cold ground waters in Wonchi Crater Lake and Ambo-
Woliso area.

By:
HASSEN SHUBE

Approval of board examinees

Dr. Tigistu Haile ___________________________
(Chairman)
Dr. Seifu Kebede ___________________________
(Advisor)
Dr. Tesfaye Kidane ___________________________
(Internal Examiner)
Mr. Abebe Ketema ___________________________
(External Examiner)

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Declaration

This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university,
and that all sources of material used for the thesis have been duly acknowledged.

__________________
Hassen Shube

Approved by____________________________________________________
Dr. Seifu Kebede (Advisor)

Date:_____________________________
Addis Ababa University

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ABSTRACT
Isotopic and geochemical data are used to study the hydrogeochemical evolution of thermal and
hypothermal ground waters and CO2-water-rock interaction of ground waters around Wonchi,
Woliso and Ambo area. Geochemical data are classified by Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis
in to objective groups in order to identify ground waters that have the same hydrogeological and
chemical nature so that to conduct inverse geochemical modeling. HCA classified the water in
to two major groups of high and low TDS and six sub-groups. The waters in the classified
subgroups are similar in chemical composition, geology and the depth in to shallow and deep
aquifer.
Hydrogeochemical evolution of ground waters of the study area is highly influenced by two
regional structures like YTVL and Ambo-Wonchi-Butajira faults that cut across this region.
Thermal and gaseous ground waters of the study area are particularly aligned along these
structures. The CO2 influx to ground waters of the area is due to the deep seated faults that bring
this gas from deep source of metamorphic decarbonation or mantle gas origin. The source of
CO2 gas is suggested by using δ13C isotope indicates high values are in thermal and gaseous
mineral waters of the region. High TDS thermal and gaseous ground waters are characterized by
NaHCO3 in Wonchi and Woliso area while Ambo area is characterized by NaCaHCO3 type
waters. Low TDS ground waters are suggested as shallow and cold ground waters of recharge
area that undergone less water-rock interaction and characterized by δ18O enrichment and
CaHCO3 and CaMgHCO3 water types except in some mixed ground waters. Stable isotope data
indicates that thermal and gaseous ground waters are depleted in δ18O except in Wonchi area
ground waters that shows δ18O enrichment due to hydraulic connection with Lake Wonchi.
The effect of the influx of CO2 to ground waters of this region plays a major role in CO2-water-
rock interaction to be significant and silicate hydrolysis like dissolution and precipitation of
silicate minerals during ground water chemical evolution. Trace element mobility is observed in
high TDS thermal and gaseous ground waters due to strong CO2-water-rock interaction. Heavy
metals that are harmful to the human and environment like Sr, Ba, Mn,Fe and Al are observed in
some thermal and mineral waters of the study area above the permissible concentration of WHO
drinking water standard.
Key words: hydrogeochemical evolution, thermal, gaseous, CO2-water-rock interaction, trace
element mobility, Ambo, Woliso, Wonchi Crater Lake

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to praise almighty Allah for the strength he bestows on me to start and
finish this work successfully.
I would like to express my heartfelt and warmest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Seifu Kebede for
his undeserved advice, strict follow up and kind provision of all laboratory facilities, giving me
reference materials and arranging my field trip.
My appreciation and thanks to Dr Tigistu Haile Chair man of the Department of Earth Sciences
for his frankly discussion, appreciation and arrangement of the resources for me and all
graduating students and the rest of the supporting stuff members of the department of Earth
Sciences, Addis Ababa University for the timely cooperation they have been giving whenever I
needed.
I am greatly indebted to the Wollega University for the permission and support during my post
graduate study and Ministry Of Federal Water and Energy for their providing me the Field car
and their laboratory facilities and Geological Survey of Ethiopia for their help by giving me
some materials.
I would like to thank my friend Abdurrahman Guye Genemo for his uninterrupted help and
encouragement during my carrier and my class mates Chaluma, Said, Adis, Marhawi, Bizuneh,
Desalegn, Shillima, Abdalla and Afework for their helpful encouragement and intimacy during
our two years lovely stay together.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude and admiration to my family and relatives for their
day to day encouragement and support during my study without reservation. Especially I
genuinely appreciate the contribution of my father Shube Sheko from the beginning to the end.
Last but not least I would like to thank my beloved wife Leyla Hajo for her encouragement and
assisting me in my entire walk.

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ vi
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ vii
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x
List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................. xii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Back ground .................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Objective ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1. General objective .................................................................................................... 4
1.3.2. Specific objectives ................................................................................................... 4
1.4. Previous works................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................ 10
SITE CHARACTERIZATION ..................................................................................... 10
2.1. Description of the study area .......................................................................................... 10
2.2. Physiography .................................................................................................................... 10
2.3. Land use land cover ......................................................................................................... 12
2.4. Geology.............................................................................................................................. 13
2.4.1. Regional geology........................................................................................................ 13
2.4.2. Geology of study area ............................................................................................... 15
2.5. Volcano tectonic lineament ............................................................................................. 18
2.6. Hydrology ......................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.1. Rainfall ....................................................................................................................... 20
2.6.2. Surface Hydrology .................................................................................................... 23
2.7. Hydrogeology.................................................................................................................... 28
2.7.1. Trachaytes ................................................................................................................. 29
2.7.2. Tertiary Ignimbrite ................................................................................................... 30
2.7.3. Basalt .......................................................................................................................... 30
2.7.4. Alluvial ....................................................................................................................... 31
3.1. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 33
3.2. Materials used .................................................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................... 38
DATA ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 38
4.1. Field data analysis ............................................................................................................ 38
4.1.1. PH ............................................................................................................................... 38
4.1.2. Temperature .............................................................................................................. 39
4.1.3. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen .................... 39
4.1.4. Alkalinity ................................................................................................................... 39
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4.2. Geochemistry laboratory data analysis ......................................................................... 42
4.3. Trace element data analysis ............................................................................................ 47
4.4. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) .............................................................................. 49
4.5. Inverse geochemical modeling ........................................................................................ 51
4.6. Environmental isotope data analysis .............................................................................. 52
4.6.1. Data analysis for δ18O and δ2H isotopes ................................................................. 52
4.6.2. The δ13C data analysis .............................................................................................. 56
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................ 58
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 58
5.1. Hydrogeochemistry .......................................................................................................... 58
5.1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 58
5.2. Hydrogeochemical evolution of ground waters ............................................................. 67
5.2.1. Hydrogeochemical evolution of thermal and gaseous ground waters.................. 67
5.2.2. Hydrogeochemical evolution of cold ground waters .............................................. 67
5.3. Trace element mobility .................................................................................................... 69
5.3.1. Origin and occurrence of heavy metals .................................................................. 69
5.3.2. Environmental and health impact of trace element mobility in ground waters . 72
5.4. Isotope hydrology ............................................................................................................. 76
5.4.1. Isotopic composition of Ethiopian rain fall ............................................................ 76
5.4.2. The δ 18O and δ2H composition of ground waters of the study area .................... 78
5.4.3. The δ 18O and δ2H composition of thermal ground waters ................................... 79
5.4.4. The δ18O shift in geothermal waters ....................................................................... 82
5.4.5. The δ18O and δ2H composition of cold ground waters .......................................... 83
5.4.6. The δ18O and δ2H composition of Wonchi Crater Lake water. ............................ 86
5.4.7. Carbon-13 evidence for the source of CO2............................................................. 87
5.5. Hierarchical cluster analysis and its relation to hydrogeochemical Evolution .......... 91
5.6. Inverse geochemical modelling ....................................................................................... 93
5.7. Carbon dioxide -water-rock interaction ...................................................................... 100
5.7.1. General back ground on CO2-water-rock interaction ........................................ 100
5.7.2. Carbon dioxide water-rock interaction of study area ......................................... 101
5.8. General remark on CO2-water-rock interaction of the study area .......................... 105
CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................. 107
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................................... 107
6.1. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 107
6.2. Recommendation............................................................................................................ 111
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 112
ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................... 117
Annex II ......................................................................................................................... 119

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List of Tables
Table: 2.1. Mean catchment T, RH, and wind speed and sun shine hours…………21
Table: 2.2. Arithmetic mean rainfall of the study area annual mean……………….21
Table: 4.1. Laboratory result of Trace element data………………………………..46
Table: 4.2. The laboratory result of stable isotopes of δ18O, δ2H and δ13C…………55
Table: 4.3. The results of field measurements…………………………………….......56
Table: 5.1. The mean chemical composition of waters in subgroups from HCA.......92
Table: 5.2. Description of the chemical composition of the waters in subgroups.......93
Table: 5.3. The chemical composition of the final and initial waters for inverse geochemical
modeling………………………………………………………………......96

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List of Figures
Figure 2-1 location map of the study area……………………………………………………………...10
Fig: 2.2. Physiography of the study area. ………………………………………………………………12
Figure: 2.3. Geology of the study area…………………………………………………………………18
Fig: 2.4. Lineament distribution along the YTVL. Bars represent the azimuthal peaks. …………..19
Figure: 2.5. Seasonal drifting of the ITCZ over Africa ……………………………………………….20
Figure: 2.6. Mean catchment temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and sun shine hours…22
Figure: 2.7. precipitation range of different satations in months of the year………………………...23
Figure: 2.8. Hydrogeological map of the study area…………………………………………………...32
Figure: 4.1. HCO3- value against PH relation ship……………………………………………………40
Figure: 4.2. Alkalinity value Vs TDS relation ship…………………………………………………….41
Figure: 4.3. Piper plot diagram of the waters of the study area. ……………………………………..43
Figure: 4.4. The scholler plot diagram of waters of the study area. ………………………………….44
Figure: 4.5. Scatter plot of Na+ against chloride value. ………………………………………………45
Figure: 4.6. Scatter plot of Na+ against HCO3 value. ………………………………………………...45
Figure 4-7 scatter plot of Lithium against C-13 value…………………………………………………48
Figure 4-9 scatter plor of Boron against C-13 value. ………………………………………………….49
Figure: 4.10. Dendrogram showing Hierarchical cluster Analysis of waters………………………...51
Figure: 4.11. The local meteroric water line and deuteium excess …………………………………..54
Figure: 5.1. Scatter plot of alkalinity against PH value. ……………………………………………...59
Figure: 5.2. Laboratory alkalinity result against field alkalinity……………………………………..60
Figure: 5.3. the correlation of field and laboratory results of alkalinity and PH……………………61
Figure: 5.4. TDS Vs alkalinity…………………………………………………………………………..62
Figure: 5.5. Box and Whisker plot of Major cations and anions……………………………………...63
Figure: 5.6. Stacked plot of major cations and correlation with sample ID………………………….65
Figure: 5.7. Stacked plot of major anions and correlation with sample ID. …………………………66
x