Factional Politics: How Dominant Parties Implode or Stabilize PDF
Preview Factional Politics: How Dominant Parties Implode or Stabilize
Factional Politics Factional Politics How Dominant Parties Implode or Stabilize Françoise Boucek SchoolofPoliticsandInternationalRelations,QueenMary,UniversityofLondon,UK ©FrançoiseBoucek2012 Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedtion2012978-0-230-01993-5 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedherrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2012by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-28594-5 ISBN 978-1-137-28392-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137283924 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Boucek,Françoise. Factionalpolitics:howdominantpartiesimplodeor stabilize/FrançoiseBoucek. p. cm. Summary:“Drawingontheoriesofneo-institutionalismtoshowhow institutionsshapedissidentbehavior,Boucekdevelopsnewwaysof measuringfactionalismandexplainsitseffectsonofficetenure. Ineachofthefourcases–fromBritain,Canada,ItalyandJapan– intra-partydynamicsareanalyzedthroughtimesseriesandrational choicetools”—Providedbypublisher. 1. Politicalparties—GreatBritain. 2. Politicalparties—Canada. 3. Politicalparties—Italy. 4. Politicalparties—Japan. I. Title. JN1121.B682012 324.2—dc23 2012033376 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Transferred to Digital Printing in 2014 To Jan, Emilie and Louise and the memory of my mother who would have been proud Contents ListofTablesandFigures viii PrefaceandAcknowledgements x Introduction 1 1 TheTheoryofOne-PartyDominance 6 2 WhyDoesOne-PartyDominanceEndinFactionalism? 33 3 MajoritarianDemocracies:Executive-DominatedBritain andDecentralisedCanada 50 4 Case1–TheThatcher–MajorFactionalWarsoverEurope 71 5 Case2–TheDemiseofCanadianLiberalHegemony 101 6 Non-MajoritarianDemocracies:CentrifugalItalyand ConsensualJapan 123 7 Case3–Italy’sChristianDemocrats:HowFactional CaptureBredSelf-Destruction 144 8 Case4–TheLiberalDemocraticPartyofJapan (1955–2009):EndofHegemony 183 Conclusion:HowPartiesSucceedorFailtoManage FactionalismandStayinPower 205 Notes 214 Bibliography 228 Index 258 vii Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 Partyparliamentaryrepresentationandpivotalpower foraselectionofgovernmentcoalitionsinItaly1958–92 24 1.2 Partyparliamentaryrepresentationandpivotalpower Italiancoalitiongovernments,1983–92 25 3.1 ConservativeMPs’rewardsanddeprivation1979–97 60 6.1 Italy’sDC–factionalrepresentationonintraparty organsandingovernmentin1971 131 6.2 DC–factionalrepresentationonintrapartyorgansand ingovernmentin1986–87 132 6.3 Factions’sharesofdelegatevotesandofnormalised BanzhafpowerDCnationalcongressesof1949,1969 and1982 138 6.4 TheLDPsenioritysystem 142 7.1 ChristianDemocraticPartyofItaly,factionalstrength andpivotalpower,1946–62 148 7.2 SouthernvotesharesforChristianDemocratsandRight Parties,generalelections1948and1953(percent) 150 7.3 ChristianDemocraticPartyofItaly,factionalstrength andpivotalpower,1964–73 154 7.4 ChristianDemocraticPartyofItaly,factionalstrength andpivotalpower,1976nationalcongress 159 7.5 ChristianDemocraticPartyofItaly,factionalstrength andpivotalpower,1980and1982nationalcongresses 165 7.6 ChristianDemocraticPartyofItaly,factionalstrength andpivotalpowernationalcongresses(1984,1986 and1989) 171 7.7 Italiannational,regional,provincialandcommunal elections,April1992–November1993 177 Figures 2.1 Partysystemcompetitionandthedemandforintraparty consent.(a)Elasticdemand;(b)inelasticdemand 41 viii ListofTablesandFigures ix 2.2 Theinterplaybetweenpartydominanceandfactionalism 43 4.1 Pay-offmatrix:gamebetweenconservativedriesand wets;March1981budget 76 4.2 Maastrichtgamepay-offmatrix 89 4.3 GamebetweenMajorandEuroscepticrebels.Maastricht Treatyratification22–23July1993 90 4.4 European(finance)bill,November1994gamebetween MajorandEuroscepticrebelspay-offmatrix 95 7.1 EffectivenumberoffactionsandfactionalpowerItalian ChristianDemocraticParty 146 7.2 TherelativesignificanceofvoiceandexitforDC supporters–demandinelasticforpoliticalconsentwith respecttoquality 173 7.3 TherelativesignificanceofvoiceandexitforDC supporters–demandelasticwithrespecttoquality 174 8.1 Effectivenumberoffactionsandfactionalpower JapaneseLiberalDemocraticParty 186 Preface and Acknowledgements If this book was a wine it wouldn’t be a Beaujolais nouveau given the amount of toiling away and different stages of fermentation it took to matureandbringtoconsumption. Myinterestintheinternalpoliticsofdominantpoliticalpartiesdates back to the early 1990s when I returned to Britain after a decade in Canada having swapped a career in finance for political science. The ruling Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher was then in a state ofmutinyoverEurope.Thatcher’sinternecineoverthrowinNovember 1990 and replacement by John Major had won the Conservatives a fourth term in office in 1992 which led some academics to claim that theBritishpoliticalsystemwas‘turningJapanese’.Exceptthatwithina year Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) were thrown out of office for the first time in 38 years and Italy’s ruling Christian Democratic Party (DC) were imploding after more than four decades in power and inbothcasesinternalconflictandfactionaldefectionshadplayedabig role. Meanwhile, back in Canada the Liberals who had dominated fed- eral politics and government for most of the 20th century had come back to power after the near-fatal implosion of the Progressive Con- servatives. Was there something about longevity in office that made ruling parties prone to internal division and disintegration? I started myquest. Writing this book has been quite a solitary journey. However, many people have helped me along the way and I want to take this oppor- tunity to thank them. I owe special thanks to several people in the GovernmentDepartmentattheLondonSchoolofEconomicsandPolit- ical Science (LSE) particularly the late Gordon Smith who fostered my interestinthestudyofpoliticalpartiesandpartysystemsduringlively discussionsinhisMScseminarintheearly1990s.Gordonthenencour- agedmetoreturntotheLSEfordoctoralresearchandstartanacademic careerlaterthanmostpeopleashedid.Heremainedafriendandinter- ested in my research until his untimely death in 2009. I am thankful to Patrick Dunleavy for his research guidance, stimulating discussions and staunch encouragement to get this work into print. Along with Keith Dowding, Patrick provided a very stimulating research environ- ment at the LSE for those of us interested in rational choice theory x PrefaceandAcknowledgements xi andnewinstitutionalism.Theyinvitedtoprationalchoiceinternational scholars to their seminar series and facilitated face-to-face discussions during‘brownbagging’lunchtimesessionsintheShapiroroomatKing’s Chambers. Rosa Mulé and Moshe Maor helped me refine the framing of my research question and Bob Leonardi kindly shared his detailed knowledge of Italy’s Christian Democratic Party (DC) and commented onapreliminaryversionofthisvolume. ForthequantitativedataonDCfactionrepresentationIamgratefulto Bob Leonardi and Douglas Wertman for their co-authored work which allowed me to do times series analysis and develop new measures of intra-partyfragmentationandfactionalpower.Onthelatter,Iamgrate- fultoThomasBräuningerandThomasKöenigattheMannheimCentre forEuropeanSocialResearchattheUniversityofMannheim,Germany. Thesoftwareprogramtheydeveloped(inthepre-internetage)forcalcu- latingpowerindicesenabledmetoexaminethestructureofbargaining insidethefactionalisedDCandLDPintimesseries.IalsothankPatrick Dumont, Jean-François Caulier and Nicolas Sauger for commenting on my applications of this methodology and Hugh Ward for teaching me the basics of game theory in his first methods course at the 27th Essex SummerSchool. I thank the anonymous referee who commented on the original manuscriptproposalacknowledgingthatthisbookaddressesanimpor- tant research question and features well chosen cases. I hope the book delivers on their expectations. Several country experts and party scholars have commented on individual cases and provided additional information notably Kenneth Carty, Ellis Krauss, Richard Katz, Judith Bara, Paul Webb, David Farrell and Daniela Giannetti to name only a few. Of course, any omissions and mistakes are strictly my own. Eric Acker kindly kept me up to date on developments in Canadian poli- tics and the Liberal Party. I am grateful to my commissioning editor AndrewBairdatPalgraveforwhomthisvolumerepresentedoneofhis firstprojectsandtoDevasenaVedamurthiatIntegraforseeingthebook toproduction. I am grateful to the friends and colleagues of the late Professor W A Robson at the LSE for awarding me the 2003 William Robson Memorial Prize to help me publish this book and other academic papers.IthanktheEuropeanConsortiumforPoliticalResearch(ECPR) for allowing me to organise and co-direct two workshops at the Joint Sessions(ondominantpoliticalpartiesinGranadain2005andonintra- party dissent in St. Gallen in 2011) and various panels and sections at ECPR General Conferences, notably in Budapest in 2005 and Potsdam
The list of books you might like
