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Fact book of agriculture PDF

194 Pages·1991·9.7 MB·English
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document Historic, archived Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices a*^ dittf/* CJ M United States 990 Fact Book Departmentof 1 Agriculture of Agriculture Office of PublicAffairs Miscellaneous Publication Number 1063 Netcashincome per farm USDA costs for food assistance tthousand 11 1981 83 85 U.S.crop acreageplanted and placedIn Consumer prices and prices received conservinguses by farmers %of1977 225 1990 FACT BOOK OF AGRICULTURE Office of Public Affairs Miscellaneous Publication No. 1063 United States Department ofAgriculture Revised April 1991 PREFACE The 1990 FACT BOOKOFAGRICULTURE is intended as a resourceof information forreporters, editorial writers, farm organization leaders, agribusiness managers, students, and otherswhostudy, speak, and write aboutagriculture. The contents ofthis bookare organizedto reflectthe structure of modern U.S. agriculture and provide information on its recent history, especially as itpertainsto statisticsgatheredthiscentury. The majorsubdivisions are thefollowing: I. THE U.S. FOOD AND FIBER SECTORdealswith costs offood, food services and distribution, food expenditures and prices, thefarm-to-retail price spread, and percapitafood consumption. II. FARM PRODUCTION, INCOME, AND VALUESdealswith the various inputsforagriculture, anddiscussesthem in moredetail in separate chapterson land, water, farm labor, andfarm machinery. Italsotalks about farm expenses, fertilizer, livestockand poultryfeed, agricultural creditfor housing and electricity and otheritems, farm production adjustmentand income and pricesupportprogramsforfarmers, the grain reserve program, and livestockemergencyfeed. It also includes a newchaptershowing the importanceofthe honeybees' inputtothe economy. III. THE FARMING OPERATION coversthefarm business itself in variousterms, describingthefarming region, howfarms and lands are divided, farms bysalesclasses, family-controlled farming, landtenure and farm ownership, contractfarming andvertical integration, andthe rise of U.S. production. IV. GLOBALAGRICULTURE gives asnapshotof international trade matters, such asthe GATT, asthey affect U.S. farmers, USDA'sexport marketservices, future markets abroadforworldtrade expansion, U.S. responsestoworld hunger, the balance of international payments, and how U.S. agricultural production compareswiththatofothercountries. V. RURAL DEVELOPMENTpertainstothe rural population and social problemsofsmallertowns andthe open country. VI. PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT: SOIL, WATER, PLANTS, BIRDS, ANIMALS mainlydealswith activitiesofthe U.S. Departmentof Agriculture and otherGovernmentand private agenciesthat regulatethe protection ofsoil andwaterand helpsavefood andfiberfrom pests. This section includesa newchapteremphasizing USDAeffortstoenhancethe Nation'swaterquality. USDA agencies also protect livestockand certain animalscaredforby humans undercertain specified conditions. VII. FOOD MARKETING, PROTECTION, AND DISTRIBUTION de- scribesthecompetitive system thatconvertsfarm commodities into safe consumerproducts readyforusecommercially andforcharity in homes, restaurants, and institutions, including local social welfare organizations and groups ofAmerican Indians and Alaska Natives. The system handles products from farmerto consumer as well as consumer education, advertis- ing, and other elements of marketing. VIII. RESEARCH AND EDUCATION tells about USDA's scientific agricultural research, information sources such as the National Agricultural Library, and small-scale agriculture activities, and has a chapter on biotech- nology. More detailed tabulations will be found in AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, revised yearly. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS is for sale by the Superinten- dent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. DC 20402. Other selected references are listed on page 159. Another annual source of information about agriculture is the YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE. Individual copies usually are available from U.S. Members of Congress. Copies otherwise are available from the Superinten- dent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC 20402, including back issues. THE FACT BOOK OF U.S. AGRICULTURE is a publication ofthe Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250. A great deal of thanks goes to George Holcomb. the editor ofthe 1990 Fact Book of Agriculture. His meticulous coordination of the wide variety of materials is deeply appreciated. Kelly M. Shipp, Director of Public Affairs and Press Secretary Eligibilityforparticipation in all programsadministered bythe U.S. Department ofAgriculture isestablished by lawwithout regard to race, color, national origin, sex, age, mental orphysical handicap, orreligion. Ifyou feel you have been denied the benefitsofany USDA program on anyofthesegrounds, write directlytotheSecretaryofAgriculture,Washington, DC 20250. in . CONTENTS PREFACE ii INTRODUCTION 1 I. THE U.S. FOOD AND FIBER SECTOR 6 1 Costof Food Services and Distribution 6 2. Food Expenditures and Prices 6 3. Farm-Retail Price Spread 8 4. PerCapita Food Consumption 8 FARM PRODUCTION, INCOME, AND VALUES 10 II. 5. InputsforAgriculture 10 6. Land 10 7. Water 11 8. Farm Labor 12 9. Farm Machinery 13 10. Farm Expenses 14 11. Fertilizer 19 12. Livestockand Poultry Feed 19 13. Agricultural Credit 21 14. The Balance Sheet 28 15. Farm Income 29 16. Farm Production Adjustments 32 17. Income and Price Support Programs 34 18. Grain Reserve Program 35 19. Emergency Livestock Feed 35 20. Bees and Honey 36 THE FARMING OPERATION 38 III. 21. Farming Regions 38 22. Farms and Land in Farms 39 23. Farms by Sales Classes 39 24. Family-Controlled Farming 42 25. Land Tenure 43 26. Farmland Ownership 44 27. Contract Farming and Vertical Integration 45 28. Rise of U.S. Production 46 IV. GLOBALAGRICULTURE 48 29. Foreign Trade (Exports) 48 30. Trade Blocs 49 31. Export Expansion Activities 51 32. Future MarketsAbroad forWorld Trade Expansion 53 33. U.S. Responseto World Hunger 56 iv 34. Foreign Trade (Imports) 56 35. Balance of Payments 56 36. Comparing Other Countries With This One 57 V. RURAL DEVELOPMENT 60 37. Rural Population 60 38. Age and Race 60 39. Nonmetropolitan Employment 61 40. Rural Income and Poverty 62 41. Local Governments 63 42. Federal Funding for Rural Area Development 65 43. Recreation 65 44. Rural Public Services 66 VI. PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT: SOIL, WATER, PLANTS, BIRDS, ANIMALS 68 45. Soil and Water Conservation 68 46. Conservation Programs Underthe 1985 and 1990 Farm Bills..69 47. Enhancing the Nation's WaterQuality 72 48. Great Plains Conservation Program 74 49. Other USDA Conservation and WaterQuality Programs 74 50. Forest Management 76 51. Protection and Quarantine 81 52. Pesticides and Integrated Pest Management 83 53. Animal Damage Control 88 54. Veterinary Services 89 55. Animal Care 90 VII. FOOD PROTECTION, MARKETING, AND DISTRIBUTION 92 56. Meat and Poultry Inspection 92 57. Egg Products Inspection 93 58. Food Purchase Programs 93 59. Food Assistance Programs 94 60. Marketing Improvement 96 61. Research and Promotion Programs 97 62. Marketing Orders 98 63. Agricultural Transportation 99 64. Market Regulatory Laws 100 65. Market News 101 66. Federal Grading Programs 102 67. Federal Grain Inspection 103 68. Meat, Poultry, and Livestock Marketing Regulations 104 69. Farmer Cooperatives 104 VIII. RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 106 70. Agricultural Research 106 71. Global Change Research Initiative 111 72. Biotechnology 111 73. Future Agricultural Scientists 113 74. Human Nutrition Research and Education 114 75. National Agricultural Statistics 116 76. Agricultural Economics 116 77. Agricultural Information—The National Agricultural Library ....117 78. Cooperative Extension System 118 79. Small-ScaleAgriculture 120 APPENDIX USDATABLES OFAGRICULTURAL INFORMATION 122 I. ... APPENDIX TABLES ON PROJECTS FOR II. WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT 142 APPENDIX METRIC CONVERSION CHART 147 III. APPENDIX IV. GLOSSARY 149 APPENDIX V. SELECTED REFERENCES 159 APPENDIXVI. USDA'S COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SERVICE 166 APPENDIX VII. HOWTO GET INFORMATION FROM USDA 167 VI

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