Facing Hazards and Disasters: Understanding Human Dimensions

409 Pages·2006·1.03 MB·English

by  Committee on Disaster Research in the Social Sciences: Future Challenges and Opportunities, National

FACING HAZARDS AND DISASTERS
U N D E R S T A N D I N G H U M A N D I M E N S I O N S
Committee on Disaster Research in the Social Sciences:
Future Challenges and Opportunities
Division on Earth and Life Studies
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Govern-
ing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the
councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering,
and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the
report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate
balance.
This study was supported by Contract No. CMS-0342225 between the National
Research Council and the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings,
conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies
that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-10178-6 (Book)
International Standard Book Number 0-309-65985-X (PDF)
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2006931516
Copies of this report are available upon request from Byron Mason, the National
Academies, Division on Earth and Life Studies, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Keck 610,
Washington, DC 20001; [phone].
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press,
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; [phone] or
[phone] (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2006 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the
National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
COMMITTEE ON DISASTER RESEARCH
IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES:
FUTURE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Gary A. Kreps, Chair, College of William and Mary
Philip R. Berke, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Thomas A. Birkland, University at Albany, State University of New York
(until December 31, 2005)
Stephanie E. Chang, University of British Columbia
Susan L. Cutter, University of South Carolina
Michael K. Lindell, Texas A&M University
Robert A. Olson, Robert Olson Associates, Inc.
Juan M. Ortiz, Tarrant County, Texas Office of Emergency Management
Kimberly I. Shoaf, University of California, Los Angeles
John H. Sorensen, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Kathleen J. Tierney, University of Colorado at Boulder
William A. Wallace, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Anthony M. Yezer, George Washington University
National Research Council Staff
William A. Anderson, Study Director, Division on Earth and Life Studies
Byron Mason, Program Associate, Division on Earth and Life Studies
Patricia Jones Kershaw, Senior Program Associate, Division on Earth and
Life Studies (until December 2004)
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Preface
he United States and many other countries throughout the world are
vulnerable to a wide variety of natural, technological, and willful
Thazards and disasters. In this nation, while local decision makers
and other stakeholders have the final responsibility for coping with disaster
threats, federal agencies have developed science-based activities, including
research and applications programs that are intended to further the under-
standing of such threats and provide a basis for more effective risk reduction
efforts in vulnerable communities throughout the country. The National
Science Foundation (NSF), sponsor of this study, has been in the forefront
in providing support for social science hazards and disaster research,
including research carried out through the National Earthquake Hazards
Reduction Program (NEHRP), which was established in 1977. Since the
creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in response to
the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, that agency also has emerged as a
potential major sponsor of social science hazards and disaster research.
Given the changing hazards and disasters landscape in recent years,
brought on by such factors as new demographic trends and settlement
patterns and the emergence of new kinds of disaster threats discussed in this
report, NSF requested that the National Research Council (NRC) conduct
an analysis of hazards and disaster research in the social sciences, a research
community that is vital to understanding societal responses to natural,
technological, and willful threats. In particular, NSF asked the NRC to
provide the agency and other stakeholders with an appraisal of the social
science contributions to knowledge on hazards and disasters, especially as a
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viii PREFACE
result of NEHRP funding; the challenges facing the social science hazards
and disaster research community; and opportunities for advancing knowl-
edge in the field and its application for the benefit of society. The study is
expected to provide a basis for planning future social science disciplinary,
multidisciplinary, and interdisciplinary research and application activities
related to the threat of natural, technological, and willful disasters.
In response to this charge, the NRC established the Committee on
Disaster Research in the Social Sciences, an ad hoc committee under the
Division on Earth and Life Studies. The committee was comprised of experts
from various social science disciplines, public health, and emergency manage-
ment. The committee met six times during the course of the study. As part
of the input to the study, the committee reviewed in detail the scientific
literature in the field. The committee also benefited from presentations and
discussions that took place during two workshops held in conjunction with
committee meetings, one in Washington, D.C., at the National Academies’
Keck Center and the other in Irvine, California, at the National Academies’
Beckman Conference Center. Participants in the first workshop included
researchers from the multidisciplinary hazards and disaster research com-
munity, practitioners, and representatives from various agencies. All par-
ticipants in the second workshop were practitioners.
The many people who provided input to the committee through oral
presentations or in writing are listed in the acknowledgments. On behalf of
the committee, I extend appreciation and thanks to all of these individuals
for contributing to the study. The committee also extends special appreciation
to William A. Anderson, study director for the project, whose substantive
knowledge and experience in hazards and disaster research are enormous
and whose contributions to the study were essential to its successful comple-
tion. Thanks also to Patricia Jones Kershaw, who was senior program
associate during part of the study, and especially to Byron Mason, program
associate, who provided very effective substantive and logistical support for
all phases of the committee’s work. Finally, I wish to thank the members of
the committee for devoting substantial time and effort to the project. Their
commitment to the field has been matched by their hard work on this
committee.
Gary A. Kreps
Chair
Acknowledgments
his report was greatly enhanced by the participants of the three
public meetings, including two workshops, held as part of this study.
TThe committee would like to acknowledge the efforts of those who
gave presentations at the meetings: James Ament, Michel Bruneau, Caroline
Clark, Joseph Coughlin, Penny Culbreth-Graft, Frances Edwards, Joshua
M. Epstein, Steven French, Gerard Hoetmer, Eric Holdeman, Howard
Kunreuther, Rocky Lopes, Larry Mintier, Jack Moehle, Poki Namkung,
Robert O’Connor, Anthony Oliver-Smith, Laura Petonito, Ralph B. Swisher,
Roger Tourangeau, Larry Weber, Dennis Wenger, Thomas Wilbanks, and
Rae Zimmerman. The committee would also like to acknowledge the written
contribution of Thomas E. Drabek.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for
their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with proce-
dures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Com-
mittee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and
critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published
report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional
standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge.
The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect
the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following
individuals for their review of this report:
Ruzena K. Bajcsy, University of California, Berkeley
Eve Gruntfest, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs
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