Facilitating Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Deskbook

1072 Pages·2004·29.619 MB·English

by  Malcolm D. Evans (auth.), Tore Lindholm, W. Cole Durham Jr., Bahia G. Tahzib-Lie, Elizabeth A. Sewell, Lena Larsen (eds.)

A
FACILITATING FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF: DESKBOOK
FACILITATING FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF:
A
DESKBOOK
Published by the Oslo Coalition on
Freedom of Religion or Belief
in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Declaration
on the Elimination ofA ll Forms of Intolerance
and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief
Editors: Tore Lindholm
W. Cole Durham, Jr.
Bahia G. Tahzib-Lie
Associate Editors: Elizabeth A. Sewell
Lena Larsen
BYU International Center for Law The Norwegian Centre for Human Rights
and Religion Studies University of Oslo
Provo, Utah, USA Norway
The Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Mfairs
Springer-Science+ Business Media, B.V.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Prinred on acid-free paper.
ISBN 978-90-04-13783-7 ISBN 978-94-017-5616-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-5616-7
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers in 2004
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprim Marrinus Nijhoff Publishers.
http:/ /www.brill.nl
Ali rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for interna! or personal use is granted by Brill Academic
Publishers provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly ro The Copyright Clearance
Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject ro change.
Cover illustration: Pablo Picasso, "Dance ofYourh"
© Estate ofPablo Picasso/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York
To Defenders ofF reedom ofR eligion or Belief
and
To Victims of Intolerance
«Js it not true, my friend, that the river has very many voices? Has it
not the voice of a king, of a warrior, of a bull, of a nightbird, of a
pregnant woman and a sighing man, and a thousand other voices?»
«Jt is so,» nodded Vasudeva, «the voices ofa ll living creatures are in
its voice.»
-Hermann Hesse, Siddhartha
Any royalties oft his book will be used to support the efforts
of the Oslo Coalition on Freedom of Religion or Belief.
CoNTENTS
FoREWORD Thorbj0rn Jagland, Norwegian Minister of Foreign Mfairs,
March 2000-0ctober 2001 .................................................... xm
FOREWORD Abdelfattah Arnor, United Nations Special Rapporteur on
Freedom of Religion or Belief................................................. xv
FoREWORD Mary Robinson, United Nations High Commissioner for
Human Rights, September 1997-September 2002 ................. xtx
AcKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . XXlll
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... xxvii
PART I: ORIGINS AND GROUNDS OF FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF
CHAPTER 1 Malcolm D. Evans, Historical Analysis of Freedom of Religion
or Belief as a Technique for Resolving Religious Conflict............ 1
CHAPTER2 Tore Lindholm, Philosophical and Religious Justifications of
Freedom of Religion or Belief....................................................... 19
PART II: FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF: INTERNATIONAL NoRMS AND
INSTITUTIONS
CHAPTER 3 Natan Lerner, The Nature and Minimum Standards of Freedom
of Religion or Belief...................................................................... 63
CHAPTER4 J ohan D. van der Vyver, The Relationship ofF reedom ofR eligion
or Belief Norms to Other Human Rights..................................... 85
CHAPTER 5 David Llewellyn and H. Victor Conde, Freedom ofR eligion or
Belief under International Humanitarian Law and
International Criminal Law....................................................... 125
CHAPTER6 Manfred Nowak and Tanja Vospernik, Permissible Restrictions
on Freedom of Religion or Belief.................................................. 147
CHAPTER 7 Theo van Boven, The United Nations Commission on Human
Rights and Freedom of Religion or Belief.................................... 173
CHAPTER 8 Martin Scheinin, The Human Rights Committee and Freedom
of Religion or Belief...................................................................... 189
CHAPTER 9 Doudou Diene, UNESCO)s Facilitation ofF reedom ofR eligion
or Belief......................................................................................... 203
CHAPTER 10 Javier Martinez-Torr6n and Rafael Navarro-Valls, The Protection
of Religious Freedom in the System ofthe Council ofE urope ......... 209
CHAPTER 11 Urban Gibson and Karen S. Lord, Advancements in Standard
Setting: Religious Liberty and OSCE Commitments................... 239
CHAPTER 12 J anne Haaland Matlary, Implementing Freedom of Religion
in the OSCE: Experiences from the Norwegian Chairmanship ... 255
vm • Contents
PART Ill: FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF AND THE STATE
CHAPTER 13 Jose de Sousa e Brito, Conscientious Objection .......................... 273
CHAPTER 14 Roland Minnerath, The Right to Autonomy in Religious
Affairs . ....... ....... ........... ......... ...... ......... ... . . . . ......... ... . . . ... . . ........... .. 291
CHAPTER 15 W. Cole Durham, Jr., Facilitating Freedom of Religion
or Belief through Religious Association Laws ............................... 321
CHAPTER 16 Lee Boothby, Protecting Freedom ofR eligion or Belief in
Restricted or Institutional Settings.............................................. 407
CHAPTER 17 Roman Podoprigora, Freedom of Religion and Belief and
Discretionary State Approval of Religious Activity ..................... 425
CHAPTER 18 Jean Bauberot, The Place ofR eligion in Public Life:
The Lay Approach......................................................................... 441
PART IV: WOMEN, PARENTS, AND CHILDREN
CHAPTER 19 Bahia G. Tahzib-Lie, Dissenting Women, Religion or Belief, and
the State: Contemporary Challenges that Require Attention...... 455
CHAPTER 20 ()zlem Denli, Between Laicist State Ideology and Modern
Public Religion: The Head-Cover Controversy in
Contemporary Turkey................................................................... 497
CHAPTER 21 Juliet Sheen, Burdens on the Right of Women to Assert Their
Freedom of Religion or Belief....................................................... 513
CHAPTER 22 Ursula King, Hinduism and Women: Uses and Abuses of
Religious Freedom........................................................................ 523
CHAPTER 23 Kari Elisabeth B0rresen, Religion Confronting Women's
Human Rights: The Case ofR oman Catholicism....................... 545
CHAPTER 24 Geraldine Van Bueren, The Right to Be the Same, The Right to
Be Different: Children and Religion ........................................... 561
PART V: CHANGING BELIEFS AND THE TENSIONS OF TOLERANCE
CHAPTER 25 Eileen Barker, Why the Cults? New Religious Movements and
Freedom of Religion or Belief....................................................... 5 7l
CHAPTER 26 Willy Fautre, Alain Garay, and Yves Nidegger, The Sect Issue
in the European Francophone Sphere............................................ 595
CHAPTER 27 Tad Stahnke, The Right to Engage in Religious Persuasion ....... 619
CHAPTER 28 Makau Mutua, Proselytism and Cultural Integrity .................. .. 651
CHAPTER 29 Nazila Ghanea, Apostasy and Freedom to Change
Religion or Belief.......................................................................... 669
PART VI: CONTEXTS FOR FACILITATING FREEDOM OF RELIGION OR BELIEF
CHAPTER 30 Archbishop Anastasios, Developing Shared Values and
Common Citizenship in a Secular and Pluralist Society:
How Religious Communities Can Contribute ..... ... . . . ... . . . . ....... .. . 689
Facilitating Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Deskbook • IX
CHAPTER 31 Rajaji Ramanadha Babu Gogineni and Lars Gule, Humanism
and Freedom from Religion . . ... . . .. . . ... . . . . .. . . . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. 699
CHAPTER 32 T. Jeremy Gunn, The United States and the Promotion of
Freedom of Religion and Belief .................................................... 721
CHAPTER 33 Rudiger Noll, The Role of Religion and Religious Freedom in
Contemporary Conflict Situations ............................................... 747
CHAPTER 34 Leonard Swidler, Freedom of Religion and Dialogue................. 761
CHAPTER 35 Inge Eidsvag, Tore Lindholm, and Barbro Sveen, The Emergence
of Interfaith Dialogue: The Norwegian Experience .................... 777
CHAPTER 36 Ingvill Thorson Plesner, Promoting Tolerance through
Religious Education . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . 791
CHAPTER 37 Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, Religious Tolerance) Freedom
of Religion or Belief, and Education: Results of the 2001
UN Conference . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. 813
CHAPTER 38 Elizabeth A. Sewell, Facilitating Freedom of Religion or Belief
through NGOs ... . . ... . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . ... . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . 819
CoNCLUSION The Editors, with Michael M. Roan ......................................... 843
EPILOGUE Gunnar Stalsett, President, International Advisory Council,
The Oslo Coalition on Freedom of Religion or Belief.. ............ 853
CoNTRIBUTORS .................................................................................................. 855
APPENDICES
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 871
APPENDIX A: Major International Provisions on Freedom of Religion
or Belief ................................................................................... 873
I. United Nations ................................................................... 873
A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) .......... 873
B. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime ofGenocide (1948) ........................................... 875
C. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(1966) ········································································· 876
D. International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights ( 1966) ................................................ 878
E. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (1979) ........................ 879
F. Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1989) ............ 879
II. Council of Europe .............................................................. 881
A. European Convention for the Protection of Human
Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) .................. 881
B. Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention for the
Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms (1952) ......................................................... 882
x • Contents
C. European Social Charter (1961) ................................. 882
D. Framework Convention for the Protection of
National Minorities ( 1995) ......................................... 882
III. European Union ................................................................ 883
A. Treaty on European Union (1992, Consolidated
Version 1997) ............................................................. 883
B. Treaty Establishing the European Community
(1997) ........................................................................ 884
C. Protocol 33 on Protection and Welfare of Animals
(1997) ........................................................................ 884
D. Declaration on the Status of Churches and
Non-Confessional Organizations (1997) .................... 884
E. Declaration by Greece Concerning the Declaration on
the Status of Churches and Non-Confessional
Organizations (1997) ................................................. 885
F. Charter ofFundamental Rights of the European
Union (2000) ............................................................. 885
IV. Organization of American States . . . .. ... . . .. .. . . .. ... . . .. .. . ... .. . .. . . .. 886
A. American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of
Man (1948) ................................................................ 886
B. American Convention on Human Rights (1969) ........ 886
C. Additional Protocol to the American Convention on
Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (1988) ............................................... 888
V. Organization of Mrican Unity............................................ 889
A. OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of
Refugee Problems in Mrica ( 1969) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889
B. Mrican Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
(1981) ········································································ 889
C. Constitutive Act of the Mrican Union ......................... 890
VI. CSCE/OSCE . . . .. .. . . ... . . . ... .. . ... . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . 890
A. Final Act of the Conference on Security and
Co-operation in Europe (Helsinki, 1975) . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 890
B. Concluding Document of the Madrid Meeting of
Representatives of the Participating States of the
Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe (1983) ........................................................... 891
C. Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting of
Representatives of the Participating States of the
Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe (1989) ............................................................ 891
D. Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of
Representatives of the Participating States of the
Conference on the Human Dimension of the
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
(1990) ········································································ 894