Facial Action Coding System. The Manual

527 Pages·2016·252.09 MB·English

by  Paul Ekman

Facial
Action
Coding
System
The Manual
on CD ROM
by
Paul Ekman, Ph.D.
Wallace V. Friesen, Ph.D.
Joseph C. Hager, Ph.D.

Facial Action Coding System
The Manual
On CD ROM
by
Paul Ekman, Ph.D.
Wallace V. Friesen, Ph.D.
Joseph C. Hager, Ph.D.
Copyright © 2002 Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, & Joseph C. Hager
All Rights Reserved.
This manual and its entire contents, including all graphics, images, software, and digital video, are furnished for the
use of the reader under license and are protected by United States and International Copyright laws. No rights under
the copyright law are transferred to the purchaser, and this product may be used or copied only under the terms of
license. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior expressed written permission of the
authors. These restrictions mean that the purchaser, reader, user, or anyone else cannot copy the files from the CD
ROM to any computer storage mechanism, cannot permit access to the CD ROM via networked computers, cannot
post, mail, or copy any portion of the contents of this manual on any type of computer for transmission to others,
cannot make derivative images from the images provided, and cannot make duplicates of this CD ROM. No duplicate
or facsimile of any printed portion of the text or images in the contents of this CD ROM can be made.
The purchaser has permission to print one paper copy (hardcopy) of the Manual and the Investigator’s Guide
(licenses for additional copies can be purchased), to print as many copies of the FACS score sheets as needed, and to
copy and to run the software program on any computer.
For complete statement of license, warrantee, and disclaimers, see the LICENSE text file.
Published by Research Nexus division of Network Information Research Corporation,
545 East 4500 South E-160, Salt Lake City UT 84107
Made in the United States of America, 2002
ISBN 0-931835-01-1
Contents
Preface to the CD ROM Version vii
Preface
Introduction to Facial Measurement 1
Chapter 1:
Purpose and Overview 1
Terminology 2
Learning Procedure 5
How to Interpret the Illustrations of Muscles 6
How to Read the AU Sections 6
Introduction to the Reference Sections 11
Upper Face Action Units 15
Chapter 2:
Action Unit 4 – Brow Lowerer 17
Action Unit 1 – Inner Brow Raiser 20
Action Unit 2 – Outer Brow Raiser 22
Action Unit 5 – Upper Lid Raiser 24
Action Unit 7 – Lid Tightener 28
Action Unit 6 – Cheek Raiser and Lid Compressor 31
Introduction to AUs 43, 45, 46 35
Action Unit 43 – Eye Closure - Optional 36
Action Unit 45 – Blink - Optional 39
Action Unit 46 – Wink – Optional 40
Subtle Differences Among Single Action Units in the Upper Face 41
Action Unit Combinations in the Upper Face 43
Action Unit Combination 4+5 44
Action Unit Combination 5+7 48
Action Unit Combination 1+4 51
Action Unit Combination 1+2 54
Action Unit Combination 1+2+4 56
Action Unit Combination 1+2+5 59
Action Unit Combinations 6+43E, 7+43E 62
Other Action Unit Combinations in the Upper Face 65
Subtle Differences Involving Action Units in the Upper Face 67
Facial Action Coding System
i
Alternative Rules Involving Upper Face Actions 71
Scoring Upper Face Action Units 73
Chapter 3:
Notation 73
Score Sheet 73
Scoring Procedure 74
Summary of Scoring Steps 80
Interrelationship Among Scoring Steps 81
A Warning 81
Examples of Scoring 81
Final Advice Before Scoring 87
Practice Scoring 87
Lower Face Action Units – Up/Down Actions 91
Chapter 4:
Action Unit 9 – Nose Wrinkler 93
Action Unit 10 – Upper Lip Raiser 95
Action Unit 17 – Chin Raiser 98
Action Unit 15 – Lip Corner Depressor 100
Action Units 25, 26, 27 – Lips Part, Jaw Drop, Mouth Stretch 103
Action Units 16 and 16+25 – Lower Lip Depressor 113
Subtle Differences Among Single Up/Down Action Units in the Lower Face 118
Action Unit Combinations Involving Up/Down Actions 120
Action Unit Combination – 9+16+25 121
Action Unit Combination – 10+16+25 126
Action Unit Combination – 9+17 130
Action Unit Combinations – 10+15, 10+17, 15+17, 10+15+17 133
Other Action Unit Combinations Involving Up/Down Actions 138
Practice Scoring 139
Subtle Differences Involving Up/Down Actions in the Lower Face 141
Alternative Rules Involving Up/Down Actions 144
Lower Face Action Units – Horizontal Actions 145
Chapter 5:
Action Unit 20 – Lip Stretcher 146
Action Unit 14 – Dimpler 148
Subtle Differences Among Single Horizontal Action Units in the Lower Face 151
Action Unit Combinations Involving Horizontal and Up/Down Actions 153
Action Unit Combinations – 20+26, 20+27 154
Action Unit Combination – 10+14 159
Action Unit Combination – 14+17 162
Action Unit Combination – 10+20+25 165
Practice Scoring 169
Facial Action Coding System
ii
Subtle Differences Involving Horizontal Actions in the Lower Face 171
Lower face Action Units – Oblique Actions 175
Chapter 6:
Action Unit 11 – Nasolabial Furrow Deepener 176
Action Unit 12 – Lip Corner Puller 178
Action Unit 13 – Sharp Lip Puller 182
Subtle Differences Among Single Oblique Action Units in the Lower Face 185
Action Unit Combinations Involving Oblique Actions 187
Action Unit Combinations - 6+12, 7+12, 6+7+12 188
Action Unit Combinations - 10+12+25, 12+16+25, 10+12+16+25 194
Action Unit Combinations - 12+26, 12+27 200
Action Unit Combination - 12+17 205
Action Unit Combinations - 12+15, 12+15+17, 6+12+15, 6+12+15+17 208
Practice Scoring 222
Subtle Differences Involving Oblique Actions in the Lower Face 225
Lower Face Action Units – Orbital Actions 231
Chapter 7:
Action Unit 18 – Lip Pucker 233
Action Unit 22 and 22+25 – Lip Funneler 235
Action Unit 23 – Lip Tightener 237
Action Unit 24 – Lip Presser 241
Action Unit 28 and 26+28 – Lips Suck 243
Subtle Differences Among Single Orbital Action Units in the Lower Face 245
Action Unit Combinations Involving Orbital Actions 246
Action Unit Combination – 10+23+25 247
Action Unit Combinations – 12+23, 12+24 251
Action Unit Combination – 14+23 256
Action Unit Combinations – 17+23, 17+24 259
Action Unit Combinations – 6+12+17+23 or 12+17+23 263
Action Unit Combination – 10+17+23 268
Action Unit Combination – 18+23 272
Action Unit Combination – 15+23 274
Action Unit Combination – 23+25+26 277
Action Unit Combination – 22+23+25 281
Action Unit Combination – 20+23+25 284
Practice Scoring 288
Subtle Differences Involving Orbital Actions in the Lower Face 290
Miscellaneous Actions and Supplementary Codes 295
Chapter 8:
Action Units 8+25 – Lips Toward Each Other 296
Action Descriptor 19 – Tongue Show 298
Facial Action Coding System
iii
Action Unit 21 – Neck Tightener 300
Action Descriptor 29 – Jaw Thrust 302
Action Descriptor 30 – Jaw Sideways 304
Action Unit 31 – Jaw Clencher 306
Action Descriptor 32 – Bite 308
Action Descriptor 33 – Blow 310
Action Descriptor 34 – Puff 311
Action Descriptor 35 – Suck 312
Action Descriptor 36 – Bulge 314
Action Descriptor 37 – Lip Wipe 316
Action Unit 38 – Nostril Dilator 317
Action Unit 39 – Nostril Compressor 319
Eye Movement Codes M68, 69, and M69 321
Visibility Codes 70, 71, 72, and 73 322
Head Movement Code M83 323
Gross Behavior Codes 40, 50, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 91, 92 324
Practice Scoring 325
Subtle Differences Involving the Miscellaneous Actions 326
Head and Eye Positions 329
Chapter 9:
51 – Head Turn Left
52 – Head Turn Right 331
53 – Head Up 333
54 – Head Down 334
55 – Head Tilt Left
56 – Head Tilt Right 336
Head movement codes M55 and M56 338
57 – Head Forward
58 – Head Back 339
Head Movement Codes M57, M59, and M60 340
61 – Eyes Turn Left
62 – Eyes Turn Right 341
Eye Movement Codes M61 and M62 343
63 – Eyes Up
64 – Eyes Down 344
65 – Walleye 347
66 – Cross-eye 347
Scoring Procedure 349
Chapter 10:
Notation 349
Score Sheet 350
Instructions for Scoring Lower Face and Upper Face 351
Facial Action Coding System
iv
Advanced Scoring Techniques 357
Chapter 11:
Scoring AUs During Speech 357
Identifying Facial Events 359
Scoring Action Units as Unilateral or Asymmetrical 370
Index to Video Examples 377
Appendix I:
Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos 381
Appendix II:
Master Subtle Differences Table 435
Appendix III:
Master Table of Alternative AUs 455
Appendix IV:
Subject Index 457
Index
Reference Example Images 465
Example Images
Practice Images 499
Practice Images
Facial Action Coding System: Score Sheet 513
Score Sheet
Facial Action Coding System
v
Facial Action Coding System
vi