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K&I F K Kathrin Knautz, A a C t Written by leading scholars investigating the impact of Web 2.0., this h Katsiaryna S. Baran (Eds.) E r collected volume gathers a broad spectrum of social science and information T i n science articles about Facebook. It looks into facets of users, such as age, sex, S K and culture, and into facets of use, e.g. privacy behavior after the Snowden O n FACETS OF affair, unfriending on Facebook, or Facebook addiction, as well as into F a quality perceptions. F u A t z C , E K FACEBOOK B a t O s i O a THE SERIES: KNOWLEDGE & INFORMATION r Knowledge and Information (K&I) is a peer-reviewed information science K y USE AND USERS n book series appearing as a print and as an ebook version, publishing high a quality research monographs and topic-speciﬁ c collections of papers as well. S It covers information science to the full extent and alludes additionally to . B neighboring sciences such as computer science, computational linguistics, a (information) business administration, and library science. The language of r a publication is English. n ( E d s Kathrin Knautz, M.A., PhD, .) studied Information Science and Language Technology at Heinrich-Heine-University in Düsseldorf (HHU), Germany. She is a researcher and lecturer at the Department of Information Science at HHU. Katsiaryna S. Baran studied German and English philology in Polozk, Belarus and Information Science at Heinrich- Heine-University in Düsseldorf (HHU), Germany. She is a research assistant at the Department of KNOWLEDGE & INFORMATION Information Science at HHU. www.degruyter.com ISBN 978-3-11-041935-1 ISSN 1868-842X Facets of Facebook Knowledge & Information Studies in Information Science Editor-in-chief Wolfgang G. Stock (Düsseldorf, Germany) Editorial Board Ronald E. Day (Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A.) Sonja Gust von Loh (Düsseldorf, Germany) – Associate Editor Richard J. Hartley (Manchester, U.K.) Robert M. Hayes (Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.) Peter Ingwersen (Copenhagen, Denmark) Michel J. Menou (Les Rosiers sur Loire, France) Stefano Mizzaro (Udine, Italy) Christian Schlögl (Graz, Austria) Sirje Virkus (Tallinn, Estonia) Facets of Facebook Use and Users Edited by Kathrin Knautz and Katsiaryna S. Baran An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org ISBN 978-3-11-041935-1 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-041816-3 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-041820-0 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2016 Kathrin Knautz and Katsiaryna S. Baran, publiziert von Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Typesetting: fidus Publikations-Service GmbH, Nördlingen Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Preface This anthology presents state-of-the-art research pertaining to information science and empirical study on the social network service (SNS) Facebook. Over the past decade, online social networking sites have revolutionized the ways we communicate with our friends, groups, and communities, and have fun- damentally changed how we approach numerous everyday activities. Without a doubt, the technology has introduced new opportunities for understanding social behavior and for building socially intelligent systems and networks. These variations affect modern-day research due to the continuously updated stream of user-generated content and huge amounts of such data posted on and hosted by social media platforms. These phenomena have motivated our assembling the following articles for publication as an anthology. We believe they address the most current information science interest as regards Facebook. Our ambition in doing so has been to reflect a wide range of study and results concerning our analysis of this SNS with implications for interdisciplinary fields such as the social sciences, law, information literacy, and history. Our anthology includes original articles on different topics related to Facebook, including such user facets as age, sex, and culture, as well as facets of use, for example, privacy behavior, unfriending on Facebook, Facebook addiction, and perceptions of quality. Nearly every aspect of Facebook use has received careful attention by the authors contributing to this book. The anthology is composed of the following chapters reflecting both uses and users of the SNS, and pays particular attention to the following facets: – Chapter 1: Unfriending. This chapter highlights unfriending behavior on Facebook and the categories of friends most often unfriended on this SNS, the causes prompting one person to unfriend others, and the emotions expe- rienced by both those unfriending and those being unfriended. – Chapter 2: Photo publication. This chapter discusses adolescent image dis- semination behavior on Facebook in terms of age, gender, and privacy set- tings. It especially focuses on the sexting aspect. – Chapter 3: Addiction. This chapter presents methods used to measure Face- book addiction. The authors focus on Facebook addiction scales and factors that may lead to too much as well as addictive Facebook usage. – Chapter 4: Gaming. This chapter examines Facebook social games in con- junction with social interactivity and play experiences as well as the role of game play in players’ everyday lives. – Chapter 5: Information literacy. This chapter discusses the level of information literacy observed in Facebook users and describes users’ self-assess- ments concerning their perceptions of information literacy, as well as how VI Preface they represent, appropriate, and create information. Legal, ethical, and privacy aspects also are considered. – Chapter 6: Privacy. This chapter investigates users’ privacy behavior after the data security breach in the United States involving government contractor Edward Snowden. The author investigates whether users are concerned about their online privacy and any actions they take to minimize risks of privacy violations. Additionally, the chapter discusses the “pushback” phenomenon. – Chapter 7: Death and bereavement. This chapter uses of a corpus-based study that compares results found in the international literature investigating con- nections among online elaborations of mourning. It analyzes web-based community pages that include posts and comments regarding the topic of death. – Chapter 8: History. This chapter discusses whether Facebook is a valuable source for historical science, especially for microhistory or “history from below.” For such purposes of analysis, informetrics and statistical methods are applied. – Chapter 9: Science communication. This chapter analyzes how research centers and public universities use Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube to make their scientific findings publicly available. Three aspects are measured: pres- ence, connectivity, and intensity. – Chapter 10: Biased user perceptions. This chapter investigates if constructs such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) are valid and reliable for SNSs research. The authors detected a bias on quantitative TAM-like surveys, the so-called “standard-dependent user blindness” (SDUB). This finding points out the challenges in gathering unbiased user perceptions on SNSs markets. – Chapter 11: Legal. The concluding chapter focuses on social networking services and the question of whether current European competition law is sufficient to control these new, rapidly evolving developments for providing information. Markets for consumer communication services (CCS) as well as aspects of data privacy are also addressed. We believe the intended audience for this anthology will consist of social media researchers, information scientists, social scientists, and, not least, everyone interested in Facebook-related topics. We imagine readers will bring to their reading of the text a basic knowledge in the area of SNS research and methodol- ogy. We hope this book will lead readers toward a better understanding of social Preface VII media, and in particular, the myriad facets of Facebook users and their use of the service. Katsiaryna S. Baran and Kathrin Knautz Heinrich Heine University, Department of Information Science Düsseldorf, Germany August 2016 Contents Preface V Liridona Gashi, Kathrin Knautz Chapter 1. Unfriending and Becoming Unfriended on Facebook 1 Isabelle Dorsch, Aylin Ilhan Chapter 2. Photo Publication Behavior of Adolescents on Facebook 45 Sarah Hartmann, Brigitta Wanner Chapter 3. Does Facebook Cause Addiction? An Analysis of German Facebook Users 72 Katharina Kinder-Kurlanda, Michele Willson Chapter 4. Facebook Social Games 94 Tuba Ciftci, Kathrin Knautz Chapter 5. Information Literacy Levels of Facebook Users 115 Kai Wittig Chapter 6. Privacy in Social Networks After the Global Surveillance Disclosures 146 Ágnes Veszelszki, Andrea Parapatics Chapter 7. From Cooperation to Compassion: Death and Bereavement on Social Networking Websites 172 Mechtild Stock Chapter 8. Facebook: A Source for Microhistory? 210 Lourdes López-Pérez, María Dolores Olvera-Lobo Chapter 9. Social Media as Channels for the Public Communication of Science: The Case of Spanish Research Centers and Public Universities 241 Katsiaryna S. Baran, Wolfgang G. Stock Chapter 10. “Blind as a Bat”: Users of Social Networking Services and Their Biased Quality Estimations in TAM-like Surveys 265