Ezra Pound’s Washington Cantos and the Struggle for Light Historicizing Modernism Series Editors Matthew Feldman, Professorial Fellow, Norwegian Study Centre, University of York; and Erik Tonning, Professor of British Literature and Culture, University of Bergen, Norway Assistant Editor: David Tucker, Associate Lecturer, Goldsmiths College, University of London, UK Editorial Board Professor Chris Ackerley, Department of English, University of Otago, New Zealand; Professor Ron Bush, St. John’s College, University of Oxford, UK; Dr Finn Fordham, Department of English, Royal Holloway, UK; Professor Steven Matthews, Department of English, University of Reading, UK; Dr Mark Nixon, Department of English, University of Reading, UK; Dr Julie Taylor, Northumbria University, UK; Professor Shane Weller, Reader in Comparative Literature, University of Kent, UK; and Professor Janet Wilson, University of Northampton, UK. Historicizing Modernism challenges traditional literary interpretations by taking an empirical approach to modernist writing: a direct response to new documentary sources made available over the last decade. Informed by archival research, and working beyond the usual European/ American avant-garde 1900–45 parameters, this series reassesses established readings of modernist writers by developing fresh views of intellectual contexts and working methods. Series Titles: Arun Kolatkar and Literary Modernism in India, Laetitia Zecchini British Literature and Classical Music, David Deutsch Broadcasting in the Modernist Era, Matthew Feldman, Henry Mead and Erik Tonning Charles Henri Ford, Alexander Howard Chicago and the Making of American Modernism, Michelle E. Moore Ezra Pound’s Adams Cantos, David Ten Eyck Ezra Pound’s Eriugena, Mark Byron Great War Modernisms and The New Age Magazine, Paul Jackson James Joyce and Absolute Music, Michelle Witen James Joyce and Catholicism, Chrissie van Mierlo John Kasper and Ezra Pound, Alec Marsh Katherine Mansfield and Literary Modernism, ed. by Janet Wilson, Gerri Kimber and Susan Reid Late Modernism and the English Intelligencer, Alex Latter The Life and Work of Thomas MacGreevy, Susan Schreibman Literary Impressionism, Rebecca Bowler Modern Manuscripts, Dirk Van Hulle Modernism at the Microphone, Melissa Dinsman Modernist Lives, Claire Battershill The Politics of 1930s British Literature, Natasha Periyan Reading Mina Loy’s Autobiographies, Sandeep Parmar Reframing Yeats, Charles Ivan Armstrong Samuel Beckett and Arnold Geulincx, David Tucker Samuel Beckett and the Bible, Iain Bailey Samuel Beckett and Cinema, Anthony Paraskeva Samuel Beckett’s ‘More Pricks than Kicks’, John Pilling Samuel Beckett’s German Diaries 1936–1937, Mark Nixon T. E. Hulme and the Ideological Politics of Early Modernism, Henry Mead Virginia Woolf’s Late Cultural Criticism, Alice Wood Christian Modernism in an Age of Totalitarianism, Jonas Kurlberg Samuel Beckett and Experimental Psychology, Joshua Powell Samuel Beckett in Confinement, James Little Katherine Mansfield: New Directions, ed. by Aimée Gasston, Gerri Kimber and Janet Wilson Modernist Wastes, Caroline Knighton The Many Drafts of D. H. Lawrence, Elliott Morsia Samuel Beckett and the Second World War, William Davies Judith Wright and Emily Carr, Anne Collett and Dorothy Jones Upcoming titles Samuel Beckett and Science, Chris Ackerley iv Ezra Pound’s Washington Cantos and the Struggle for Light Alec Marsh Edited and with annotations by Archie Henderson BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2021 Copyright © Alec Marsh, 2021 Alec Marsh has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work. For legal purposes the Acknowledgments on p. xiii constitute an extension of this copyright page. Cover design by Jade Barnett and Eleanor Rose All rights reserved. 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In memoriam Burton Hatlen viii Contents List of Figures xi Editoral Preface to Historicizing Modernism xii Acknowledgments xiii A Note on the Text and Permissions xv Abbreviations xvi Intro to a Sequel 1 1 The Washington Cantos: Anagogy, Metapolitics, and the Warren Court 9 Rock-Drill de los Cantares (1955) and Thrones (1959) 9 Metapolitics and Politics 17 “Four Steps to the Bughouse” 24 The Warren Court 27 2 Obstacles to Understanding the Washington Cantos 33 Aesopian Language and Its Problems 36 Pound’s Reading and the Poverty of Philology 40 Trobar Clus 45 Pound’s “Late Style” 45 The “Cleaners Manifesto” 47 3 Aesopian Language and States’ Rights: Two Fables— John Randolph of Roanoke and Canto 103 51 John Randolph of Roanoke 52 Canto 103 57 4 The Aryanist Vortex: Pound’s Metapolitics and White Supremacy 77 Pound’s Taxonomy of Human Types 84 “Freedom Now or Never” 87 5 Raising Cain: The Aryan Origins of Civilization 95 “Alfalfa Bill” Murray’s Adam and Cain 96 Waddell, Egypt, and the Aryan Makers of Civilization 99 Pound’s “Egyptian Problem” 104