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APPRENTICES AND CLASS CULTURE: THE CASE OF APPAREL AND METALWORKING WORKERS IN ISTANBUL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYLA EZGİ AKYOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEPTEMBER 2014 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan (METU, ADM) Dr. Barış Çakmur (METU, ADM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şen (METU, SOC) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Ayla Ezgi AKYOL Signature :                 iii ABSTRACT APPRENTICES AND CLASS CULTURE: THE CASE OF APPAREL AND METALWORKING WORKERS IN ISTANBUL Akyol, Ayla Ezgi M.S., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan September 2014, 185 pages The focus of the thesis is to discuss class culture on the basis of the apprentices working in apparel and metalworking sectors by analyzing the structural and ideological aspects that affect the formation and non-formation of class culture. Basing on the field research conducted with 21 apprentices working in two sectors via semi-structured interviews, the thesis analyzes class contradiction between the apprentices that have different laboır processes and the aspects both providing and corroding the basis for class consciousness while trying to understand what kind of cultural references support that process. The study traces the relations through which class identity is constituted. The thesis argues that paternalist relations as an element of artisan and mater-apprentice relationship basing on small sized enterprises obstructs the formation of class consciousness defied within the framework class interest as well as the solidarity and unionization among the workers. The prevailing class hierarchies turn to be consent via the future expectations of the apprentices in terms of professional education and setting up their own enterprise. Apprentices in two sectors differ from each other in terms of the perception of work and class experience in the meaning of the experience of flexible working conditions because of different labour-capital intensity. Despite such differences, the thesis argues that class identity is constituted basing on the deprivation of respectability via class confrontations in parallel with the exclusion of lower classes from educational,   iv cultural and symbolic fields as a result of impoverishment and dispossession processes in late capitalism. Keywords: Class Culture, Apprentices, Labour Process, Apparel Sector, Metalworking Sector.   v ÖZ ÇIRAKLAR VE SINIF KÜLTÜRÜ: İSTANBUL HAZIR GİYİM VE TORNA SEKTÖRÜ İŞÇİLERİ ÖRNEĞİ Akyol, Ayla Ezgi Yüksek Lisans, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan Eylül 2014, 185 sayfa Bu tez, hazır giyim ve torna sektörlerinde çalışan çıraklarda sınıf kültürünü tartışmayı hedeflemekte, bu amaçla çıraklarda sınıf bilinci oluşmasına ve oluşmamasına etki eden yapısal ve ideolojik faktörleri incelemeye çalışmaktadır. Hazır giyim ve torna sektörlerinde çalışan, 21 çırakla yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlardan oluşan saha araştırmasına dayanarak, farklı emek süreçlerinin işlediği bu iki sektördeki çıraklar arasında sınıf çelişkisinin, sınıf bilincinin nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve nasıl etkisizleştirildiği, bu sırada hangi kültürel referanslardan beslendiği analiz edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu açıdan tez, sınıf kültürünün bir parçası olan sınıfsal aidiyetin, hangi ilişki biçimlerinde görülebileceği sorusuna cevap aramaktadır. Usta-çırak ilişkisine referansla kurulan, daha çok küçük işletme kültürünün ve zanaat tarzı sınıf ilişkisinin bir unsuru olan paternalist ilişkilerin sınıf çıkarı kavramından hareketle tanımlanabilecek bir sınıf bilincinin oluşması önünde engel olduğu; dayanışma, sendikalaşma gibi unsurların gelişmesini engellediği; çıraklar açısından meslek öğrenme ve kendi işinin patronu olma gibi gelecek referanslı süreçlerle mevcut sınıf hiyerarşilerinin rızaya dönüştürüldüğü iddia edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, hazır giyim ve torna sektörlerinde çalışan çırakların, sektörlerin emek-sermaye yoğunluğu bakımından farklılaşması ve bu nedenle farklı esneklik biçimlerini tecrübe etmesi nedeniyle sınıf deneyimlerinin ve iş algılarının   vi birbirinden farklı olduğu; fakat bu farklılığa rağmen geç kapitalizmde daha da belirgin hale gelen yoksullaşma ve mülksüzleşme sonucu alt sınıfların eğitsel, kültürel, sembolik alanlardan gittikçe daha fazla dışlanmalarına paralel olarak sınıf çıkarı kavramına referansla olmasa da sınıf konumlarına ve ilişkilerine referansla kurulan; daha çok üretim alanı dışındaki sınıf karşılaşmaları esnasında ve saygınlıktan yoksunluk olarak tecrübe edilen bir sınıf aidiyetinin ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sınıf Kültürü, Sınıf Konumu, Sınıf İlişkileri, Sınıf Bilinci, Çıraklar, Esnekleşme   vii Ahmet Yıldız’a O’nun nezdinde iş kazalarında ve sokaklarda yaşamını yitiren tüm çocuklara…   viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Necmi Erdoğan for his guidance, advices and academic supports. His ideas and methods have really inspired me in writing up this thesis. I would like to thank committee members Dr. Barış Çakmur and Assoc. Dr. Mustafa Şen for their contributions to my graduate study. I also thank to Dr. Özgür Avcı for his reading and valuable comments. Many people have contributed to this thesis. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the all apprentices who accept my proposal of interviewing in spite of their limited time. I have learned many things from them. In this process, I would like to thank Bahadır, Mahsun, Barış and Akkız who helped me to find contacts in Çağlayan, Bağcılar and Sultanbeyli. I appreciate all friends who support me and make this difficult process bearable. I owe thanks to Volkan Işıl for inspiring me to write this thesis by including me in his documentary project on the apprentices. His observations and experiences during filming really helped me to think about this issue. I owe special thanks tomy colleagues Mustafa Kahveci, Pedriye Mutlu, İpek Gümüşcan and Ezgi Pınar for supporting me whenever I need, and lessen my burden in many ways. They discussed with me and gave ideas during thesis, sometimes accompanied me in the field research and shared my experience. Ezgi also contributed to this thesis by taking on translation of interviews. I would like to thank Cemal Salman, Ertan Erol, Kıvanç Yiğit Mısırlı, Şenol Arslantaş. Whenever I feel in despair, they motivated me. I am very lucky to meet all of them. I appreciate a lot to Esra Elif Nartok. She not only hosted me in her home during the process that I come to Ankara, but also supported me and shared my painful processes with patient like a sister. I also owe thanks to Yeşim Akmeraner for motivating and encouraging me. Whenever something goes wrong I felt her support   ix and calming effect. I also would like to thank Erkan Ünlüer and Mehmet Mutlu in this process for their friendship and help. I owe a lot to my mother Hacer Metin and my father Mahmut Akyol for their understanding and support. In this process, they made me feel that I am not alone.   x

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