Eye guidance in reading and scene perception PDF
Preview Eye guidance in reading and scene perception
EYE GUIDANCE IN READING AND SCENE PERCEPTION This page intentionally left blank Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception Edited by Geoffrey Underwood Department of Psychology University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD England 1998 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapore - Tokyo ELSEVffiR SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB Library of Congress Cataloglng-ln-PublIcatlon Data Eye guidance In reading, driving and scene perception / edited by Geoffrey Underwood. — 1st ed. p. en. Includes Index. ISBN 0-08-043361-8 1. Eye—Movements. 2. Visual perception. I. Underwood. Geoffrey (Geoffrey D. M.) QP477.5.E916 1998 152.14—dc21 98-7314 CIP British Library of Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the Library of Congress has been applied for. First edition 1998 ISBN: 008 043 3618 © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers. © The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. vPreface The distinguished contributors to this volume have been set the problem of describing how we know where to move our eyes next. Are they under the control of the visual information available in words and in scenes, or under the control of the meanings of those items, or is there little or no control at all? The origins of this volume are in discussions held at a meeting of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCOP) that was held in Wiirzburg in September 1996. Informally and formally, a number of us with interests in eye movements were arguing about the landing position effect in reading — an effect that, if substantiated, would provide evidence of the use of parafoveal information in eye guidance. The argument was not resolved in Wiirzburg, and so we decided to continue talking about eye guidance at a small meeting that was held in Chamonix in February 1997. Many of the contributors to this volume were present at that meeting, but the argument was not resolved in Chamonix either. We decided that the way forward was to extend the debate to encourage contributions from psychologists who had been unable to attend the meetings, but who were known to have views on the matter. And this volume is the product. The argument is still unresolved, but the problem is now clearer. ESCOP not only provided a forum for our initial arguments in Wiirzburg, but also generously supported the workshop in Chamonix. We are very grateful to the Society for giving us the opportunity to sit around a table talking about eye movements to fellow enthusiasts. Not all of the arguments in Chamonix centred upon questions of eye guidance of course, and academic rivalries saw expression in a number of competitions during our meetings. The most memorable must be the tall-story competition, which was won by an explanation of the events leading to one colleague arriving at the airport with minutes to spare before departure. This winning story involved a highly improbable overnight vigil and an illegal journey down a motorway. Chamonix also witnessed eye-movement researchers engaged in a glove-throwing competition (the best throw won by several hundred metres) and a self-mutilation-while-snow-boarding competition (the winning entry involved a party of French schoolchildren, blood spilt on the snow and, appropriately enough, an accident researcher). While our meetings have been fun, the most enjoyable aspect of the debate has been in helping this volume to completion. The contributors have responded to the original question with enthusiasm. They have developed a set of arguments, often supported with new data, that help us to understand how our eyes move in characteristic ways. Each of the chapters has been reviewed by at least two other contributors to the volume, and authors required to respond to reviewer's comments. The authors and reviewers have kept to a strict schedule. For their readiness in making the volume a coherent series of discussions around a single question, I am vplieased to acknowledge their contributions as authors and as reviewers. Geoffrey Underwood University of Nottingham vii Contents Preface v Contributors ix Chapter 1. Eye Guidance and Visual Information Processing: Reading, Visual Search, Picture Perception and Driving 1 Geoffrey Underwood and Ralph Radach Chapter 2. Definition and Computation of Oculomotor Measures in the Study of Cognitive Processes 29 Albrecht Werner Inhoffand Ralph Radach Chapter 3. Eye Movements and Measures of Reading Time 55 Simon P. Liversedge, Kevin B. Paterson and Martin J. Pickering Chapter 4. Determinants of Fixation Positions in Words During Reading . .. 77 Ralph Radach and George W. McConkie Chapter 5. About Regressive Saccades in Reading and Their Relation to Word Identification 101 Fran^oise Vitu, George W. McConkie and David Zola Chapter 6. Word Skipping: Implications for Theories of Eye Movement Control in Reading 125 Marc Brysbaert and Frangoise Vitu Chapter 7. The Influence of Parafoveal Words on Foveal Inspection Time: Evidence for a Processing Trade-Off 149 Alan Kennedy Chapter 8. Parafoveal Pragmatics 181 Wayne S. Murray Chapter 9. Foveal Processing Load and Landing Position Effects in Reading 201 Simon P. Liversedge and Geoffrey Underwood Chapter 10. Individual Differences in Reading and Eye Movement Control. . 223 vJoiihin Everatt, Mark F. Bradshaw and Paul B. Hibbard Chapter 11. Eye Movement Control in Reading: An Overview and Model . . 243 Keith Rayner, Erik D. Reichle and Alexander Pollatsek Chapter 12. Eye Movements During Scene Viewing: An Overview 269 John M. Henderson and Andrew Hollingworth Chapter 13. Eye Guidance and Visual Search 295 John M. Findlay and lain D. Gilchrist Chapter 14. Prefixational Object Perception in Scenes: Objects Popping OutofSchemas 313 Peter De Graef Chapter 15. Functional Division of the Visual Field: Moving Masks and Moving Windows 337 Paul M.J. van Diepen, Martien Wampers and Gery d'Ydewalle Chapter 16. Film Perception: The Processing of Film Cuts 357 Gery d'Ydewalle, Geert Desmet and Johan Van Rensbergen Chapter 17. Visual Search of Dynamic Scenes: Event Types and the Role of Experience in Viewing Driving Situations 369 Peter R. Chapman and Geoffrey Underwood Chapter 18. How Much Do Novice Drivers See? The Effects of Demand on Visual Search Strategies in Novice and Experienced Drivers 395 David E. Crundall, Geoffrey Underwood and Peter R. Chapman Chapter 19. The Development of the Eye Movement Strategies of Learner Drivers 419 Damion C. Dishart and Michael F. Land Chapter 20. What the Driver's Eye Tells the Car's Brain 431 Andrew Liu Author Index 453 Subject Index 461 ix Contributors Mark F. Bradshaw Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, England Marc Brysbaert Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Ghent, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Peter R. Chapman Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England David E. Crundall Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England Peter De Graef Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Geert Desmet Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Damion C. Dishart School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, England Gery d'Ydewalle Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium John Everatt Department of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, England John M. Findlay Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, England Iain D. Gilchrist Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, England
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