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Extremophiles Wastewater and Algal Biorefinery Editors Pratibha Dheeran Department of Botany Maharaj Singh College Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India Sachin Kumar Biochemical Conversion Division Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-Energy Kapurthala, Punjab, India p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK Cover credit: Dr. Anuchaya Devi, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2023 Pratibha Dheeran and Sachin Kumar CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (applied for) ISBN: 978-1-032-37080-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-37081-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-33522-1 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003335221 Typeset in Times New Roman by Radiant Productions Preface The microorganisms dwelling into the extreme conditions not only on earth but into the extremes of space are known as extremophiles. They have unique ability to survive under the extremes of temperature, pH, pressure, radiations, vacuum and gravity. They can sustain in toxic wastes where no other living organism can thrive. These extremophiles/extremotolerant organisms (bacteria and microalgae) have tremendous potential in biomass biorefineries and waste water treatment. The book ‘Extremophiles: Wastewater Treatment and Algal Biorefinery’ covers the applications of extremophiles for the production of value-added products, including biofuels, extremozymes, wastewater treatment, electricity generation, biofilms, microbial corrosion, etc., and has twelve chapters as described below: Chapter 1 articulates the outlook of present trends in the extraction of efficient bioenergy from wastewater resources for sustainability concerns with special emphasis on the application of extremophiles. A number of studies have been reported indicating the energy potential of different kind of waste streams, since the concept of integrated wastewater biorefineries was first deciphered. Researchers have streamlined numerous methods to bridge the shortfalls arising in realization of integrated wastewater treatment and biorefineries. Chapter 2 describes the potential of extremophiles in bioremediation and the treatment of different types of wastewaters. The chapter also discusses the specific extremophiles which are being employed for the treatment of waterbodies contaminated with specific pollutants and the specific nature of wastewaters. Chapter 3 highlights the application of different types of extremophiles as biocatalysts in microbial electrochemical system (MES) and its future prospectus. This chapter covers the principle of different MESs, microbes associated with anode and catabolic pathways (exocellular electron transfer) responsible for microbial oxidation of the substrate. Besides, it discusses the physicochemical factors affecting energy harvesting and challenges in MFC operation during electrogenesis. Chapter 4 understands the promising and sustainable technical approaches which are being employed to treat the wastewater for harnessing energy through biological route and environment protection, and also futuristic scope for their industrial growth. Globally, scientific fraternity have put their efforts tirelessly for the recognition and development of wastewater treatment technologies not only for the generation of carbon-neutral, and eco-friendly energy but also for resolving the issue of wastewater disposal that are given paramount importance to fulfil the burgeoning demands of energy, and environment protection. Chapter 5 discusses the various metabolic adaptations that enable the survival of extremophilic microalgae under harsh environmental conditions and further elucidates their phylogenetic evolution based on the16S rDNA sequences. Subsequently, the salient features of large-scale cultivation of extremophilic microalgae are discussed. The chapter also examines the different products that can be derived from extremophilic microalgae and the possibility of engineering them for enhanced product recovery. iv Extremophiles: Wastewater and Algal Biorefinery Chapter 6 provides insight on seaweeds and their applications, different types of seaweed degrading enzymes obtained from marine extremophiles and their applications, current research, and developments on marine extremophiles and future prospective. The enzymes from marine extremophiles have gained global interest due to their competence to tolerate extreme harsh conditions of salinity, pH, temperature, pressure, etc. Chapter 7 elaborates the various studies based on wastewater bioremediation and biofuel production under large-scale studies for various microalgal species under adverse and challenging environmental conditions. These microalgal strains are depicted to be halophiles (salt-loving), alkaliphiles (survive under elevated pH levels), thermophiles (grow under high temperature), psychrophiles (grow at low temperature), barophiles (survive under high pressure), etc., with their growth environments and potential tolerance capacity. Chapter 8 discusses about the morphological diversity of extremophilic microalgae, followed by the commercially employed growth engineering systems to generate massive biomass. The chapter highlights the significance of extremophilic algae in the biological, pharmaceutical and industrial sector and also covers the recent developments on EPA and DHA (Omega 3-PUFAs) production, that can reduce excess demand from fish stock. Chapter 9 deals with a base footstep towards understanding an algal-based bioeconomy and, consequently, helps the global energy demands. Chapter 10 discusses and recapitulates the various applied strategies against biofilm formation, and reduction in the economic losses caused by microbial corrosion. In recent years, various new technologies such as bacteriophages, quorum sensing inhibitors, boosters of biofilms, plant extracts, etc., have been proposed for the treatment of problematic biofilms in the industries. Chapter 11 deliberate the investigations on biotechnologically relevant attributes of extremophiles by tapping into biofilm’s advantages. Recent biotechnological advancements have explored biofilm formation as a natural route for immobilization. Chapter 12 highlights the importance and potential avenues of extremophiles in industrial applications, especially in textile processing. Textile desizing, bioscouring, degumming of textile fibers, bleaching and wastewater treatment are some of the major areas where extremophiles and their products can be well incorporated and such studies should be aggressively pursued. Acknowledgements We thank all the authors, who made painstaking contributions in the making of this book. Their contributions brought the desired lustre to the quality of this book. Their patience and diligence in revising the initial draft of the chapters after incorporating the comments/suggestions of the reviewers are highly appreciated. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of all the reviewers for their constructive and valuable comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the contributions of various authors. Contents Preface iii Acknowledgements v 1. Strengthening Bioenergy-Based Economy Through Conversion of Wastewater 1 Resources: An Insight to Application of Extremophiles Bhumica Agarwal and Lalit Kumar Singh 2. Extremophiles for Wastewater Treatment 23 Keshav Rajarshi, Karri Sudharshana and Shantonu Roy 3. Role of Extremophiles in the Microbial Electrochemical Cell: Recent Advances 43 Shreya Gavas, Prajakta Pawar, Soumya Pandit, Namita Khanna, Abhilasha Singh Mathuriya and Ram Prasad 4. Fermentative Approaches in Wastewater Treatment for Harnessing Renewable Energy 61 Nidhi Sahni, Meenu Hans and Sachin Kumar 5. Potential of Extremophilic Algae for the Synthesis of Value-added Products 80 Aishwarya Atakkatan, Sandra Innesent, Shreya Padmesh Prajapat, Soumya Pandit and Namita Khanna 6. Marine Extremophiles as a Source of Seaweed Polysaccharide Hydrolyzing Enzymes 115 Dhanshree Mone and Nitin Trivedi 7. Extremophilic Microalgae: The Potential Source for Wastewater Treatments 151 and Biofuel Productions Sourav Kumar Bagchi, Reeza Patnaik, Navneet Sharma and Ramasare Prasad 8. Extremophilic Microalgae as a Potential Source of High-Value Bioproducts 167 Meenakshi Singh, Nitin Trivedi, Navonil Mal and Sanjeet Mehariya 9. Value-Added Products and Biofuels from Extremophilic Microalgae Biomass 187 Usharani K., Lakshmanaperumalsamy P. and Jayesh M.S. 10. Microbial Corrosion and It’s Current Mitigation Strategies 219 Reena Sachan, Ajay Kumar Singh, Madan Sonkar and Shiv Bharadwaj 11. Extremophile: Biofilm Behavior, Characterization and Economical Applications 243 Shashi Bhushan, Jayakrishnan U., Shaon Raychaudhuri and Halis Simesk 12. Extremophiles for Textile Industry 277 Shalini Singh, Sujata Das and Charu Khanna Index 299 1 Strengthening Bioenergy-Based Economy Through Conversion of Wastewater Resources An Insight to Application of Extremophiles Bhumica Agarwal1,* and Lalit Kumar Singh2 1. Introduction Economy of any developing nation is largely estimated from its net energy balance (consumption vs. generation). According to BP Energy outlook 2019, India’s share of global primary energy demand was estimated to jump from 6% in 2019 to 11% by 2040, most of which will be met through coal, resulting in doubling of CO gas emission. Envisioning unexceptionally high demand for primary 2 energy coupled with fluctuating crude oil prices, commercial scale production of third generation biofuels is the priority of Government of India as well as across the globe. Indian Biofuel Policy 2018 dictates a bioethanol-gasoline blending target of 10 and 20% by year 2022 and 2030, respectively (India Biofuels Annual 2019). As for biodiesel blending, no near- term target has been defined, scrapping the previously set aim of 20% blend procured from Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) as the most suitable inedible oilseed owing to numerous agronomic and economic constraints. Despite immense advances in biorefinery technologies, factors such as costs and reliable supply of feedstocks, energy intensive process and generation and disposal of secondary byproducts renders commercial-scale bioreﬁnery operations economically unfeasible. Chemical and thermochemical processes have always been the choice methods for synthesis of biofuel (Barnard et al. 2010). Microbial routes are preferred over chemical catalysis owing to no or little requirement of extreme process conditions, thus decreased expenditure. Although, use of these biological agents often augment some additional processing steps in lieu of their sensitivity, thus adding to overall process complexity. However, increasing use of a class of microorganisms namely extremophiles, has evolved as a green solution. Extremophiles, as the name suggests, refer to the organisms capable of surviving in one or more extreme environmental conditions of 1 Water Testing Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Jagti-181221, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. 2 Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur-208002, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA. * Corresponding author: [email protected]