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(cid:2) ExtraterrestrialRemoteSensingandClimateChange (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Extraterrestrial Remote Sensing and Climate Change Saumitra Mukherjee JawaharlalNehruUniversity NewDelhi India (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2023 ©JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw. Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/ permissions. TherightofSaumitraMukherjeetobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA EditorialOffice Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim,Germany Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproductsvisitusat www.wiley.com. 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Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwitha specialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshouldbeawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedor disappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbe liableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental, consequential,orotherdamages. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Mukherjee,Saumitra,author.|JohnWiley&Sons,publisher. Title:Extraterrestrialremotesensingandclimatechange/Saumitra Mukherjee. Description:Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,2023.|Includesbibliographical referencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2022026423(print)|LCCN2022026424(ebook)|ISBN 9781119164623(cloth)|ISBN9781119164630(adobepdf)|ISBN 9781119164647(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Climaticchanges–Remotesensing.|Climatic changes–Effectofsolaractivityon.|Environmentalmonitoring–Remote sensing.|Solarsystem–Remotesensing.|Artificialsatellitesin remotesensing. Classification:LCCQC903.M852023(print)|LCCQC903(ebook)|DDC 551.60285–dc23/eng20221026 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022026423 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022026424 Coverdesign:Wiley Coverimage:©muratart/Shutterstock Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Chennai,India (cid:2) (cid:2) v Contents Preface viii Acknowledgments ix 1 ExtraterrestrialRemoteSensing 1 1.1 Introduction 1 FurtherReading 5 2 PrinciplesofRemoteSensingofSun–EarthClimate 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 SEVANDataInterpretationforSolarInfluenceonClimateChange 9 (cid:2) 2.3 ChangesWithintheSunin24HoursandItsEffectontheEnvironmentofthe (cid:2) Earth 12 Reference 15 FurtherReading 15 3 ExtraterrestrialRemoteSensingSatellites 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 WorkstationRequirements 20 3.3 SunHeliophysicalObservatory(SOHO)InterdisciplinaryScienceMatrix 21 Reference 26 FurtherReading 26 4 ExtraterrestrialSatelliteDataCollectionandInterpretation 28 4.1 Introduction 28 4.2 TheSunspotActivities 34 4.2.1 SolarFlaresBehaveLikeaTwinklingButterfly 34 FurtherReading 39 5 TerrestrialSatelliteDataCorrelationwithExtraterrestrialSatelliteData 40 5.1 MorphologicalUnits 42 5.2 TerrestrialCorrelation 42 5.3 GeomorphologyofTerrestrialAnalogue 43 5.4 LandformFeaturesofTerrestrialAnalogue 44 5.5 TerrainRoughnessIndex 44 5.6 MineralogyofSoilSamples 45 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 5.7 ExplorationMissions 46 Reference 49 FurtherReading 49 6 SolarEclipseandClimateChange 51 6.1 Introduction 51 6.2 TheDataInterpretation 51 6.2.1 TroposphericNO Data 52 2 6.2.2 AerosolData 52 6.2.3 CloudData 53 6.2.4 CosmicRayData 53 6.2.5 ElectronFluxData 53 FurtherReading 63 7 SnowfallInﬂuencedbytheChangesintheSun 65 7.1 Introduction 65 7.2 Sun–EarthCosmicConnectioninGlacierandSnowfall 66 7.3 Star–SunInfluenceontheEarth’sAtmosphere 68 References 72 FurtherReading 72 8 RainfallPredictionbyCosmicRayVariability 74 (cid:2) 8.1 Introduction 74 (cid:2) 8.2 CosmicRaysandRainfall 74 8.3 JNU,NewDelhi,India,ShowingSuddenRiseinCosmicParticleCountRateon 10April2012 77 8.4 InfluenceofSolarActivityonWeatherPrediction 79 References 81 FurtherReading 82 9 EarthquakePredictionbyUsingSolarandCosmicRayData 83 9.1 Introduction 83 9.2 NationalCapitalRegion,India:TectonicsandExtraterrestrialInfluence 83 9.3 Gujarat,Kutch,IndiaRegion:TectonicsandExtraterrestrialInfluence 86 FurtherReading 91 10 GlobalWarmingandChangesintheSun 92 10.1 Introduction 92 10.2 ImpactofSolarChangesonGlobalWarming 93 10.3 ArgumentsinContradictiontotheViewofGlobalWarming 102 Reference 103 FurtherReading 104 11 ExtraterrestrialRemoteSensingofPlanets 105 11.1 Introduction 105 11.2 RadioEmissionsofJupiterWereInferredtoEstablishItsMagneticField 106 11.3 PlanetsInfluencedbyPleiades 109 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 11.4 InfluenceoftheSolarStormsAffectsSaturn 111 References 113 FurtherReading 113 12 RemoteSensingoftheMoonoftheEarth 114 12.1 LandingSiteSelectionBasedonMorphologyandMineralogyoftheBasin 121 12.2 MorphologicalStudyoftheCrater 126 12.2.1 FracturesonCraterFloor 126 12.2.2 CentralPeak 126 12.2.3 TerracedWalls 126 12.2.4 RampartCrater 127 12.2.5 FormationofCatenaKrafft 127 12.2.6 RaysAroundtheCrater 129 12.3 MorphologicalVariationsinLightofMineralogyoftheStudyArea 129 References 131 FurtherReading 132 13 RemoteSensingofMars 134 FurtherReading 141 14 FutureofExtraterrestrialRemoteSensing 146 14.1 Introduction 146 (cid:2) 14.2 High-resolutionExtraterrestrialInvestigation 147 (cid:2) 14.3 IonosphereMonitoringSatellite 149 FurtherReading 156 Index 159 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Preface WehavemovedtoatimetounderstandtheinfluenceofextraterrestrialchangesontheEarthand planetary system of the Sun. Climate change manifestations are manifold and include not only theerraticchangesintheatmosphericandoceanictemperatureoftheEarthbutalsointhewhole environment of the Earth. Important extraterrestrial and local scale changes can be correlated by other planets and their moons by the extremely advanced sensors available in satellites. Extraterrestrial remote sensing is an evolving science meant to infer and address the unsolved problems of the terrestrial system, including mutation of viruses before pandemic outbreaks. Using sensors it is possible to correlate the tectonic activities of the moon and the Earth that hold the key to earthquake prediction possibility in future. In this book we attempt to correlate the magnetic field variations in different planetary systems and helioseismological parameters. (cid:2) Besidesthecorrelationofelectronfluxandprotonfluxbeforeearthquakes,globalwarming,erratic (cid:2) snowfall and rainfall, the cosmic rays from the Sun, and galactic sources have shown different correlation. Space Environment Viewing and Analysis Network (SEVAN) instruments installed atJawaharlalNehruUniversity,fundedbyNASA(UnitedStates),showariseingalacticcosmic raysbeforesuddenrainfallandcoldwaves,whilethecosmicraysfromtheSunrisebeforeglobal warming.SimilarcorrelationhasalsobeenobservedduringthethinningoftheSaturnringafter directedsolarflaresandcoronalmassejection.Thefutureofextraterrestrialremotesensinghas thepotentialtopredictchangesintheEarthandplanetarysystemforthesustenanceoftheEarth. ThebookExtraterrestrialRemoteSensingandClimateChangehasbeenwrittenin14chapters withsensorinterpretationofsatellitesoftheSun,theEarth,andotherplanetarysystemstounder- standnaturalresourcesandnaturaldisastersinaninterdisciplinaryformat. NewDelhi SaumitraMukherjee India JawaharlalNehruUniversity (cid:2)